Revision as of 15:00, 11 November 2024

Emo World serial number 5955

Every now and then an Emo trumpet pops up on Ebay and other auction sites and a potential buyer asks: 'who knows more'. Often the link with Louis Armstrong is mentioned and there are these still available Emo mutes. Little is known about their maker Ernst Modl, who's career started before WWI in Bohemia and ended after WWII in West-Germany.

On this page I collected the available information. Starting with his pre WWII career in the F.X. Hüller company in Graslitz, the war years, his patents, and an overview of his instruments that appear not only under the Emo brand but also under names like Ludwig, Buffet Crampon, Rudy Muck, Smith Music Sales and Waterloo. I made a list of their serial numbers. Trying to connect things and hoping for additional information to come. And I researched the Armstrong connection.

Note: This page focusses on brass and on the career of Ernst Modl. More information about F.X.Hüller and their (pre war)saxophone production you can find at F.X.Hüller.com

Note 2: More about the Second World War history of the F.X.Hüller and Emo companies, as well as of other Graslitz musical instrument makers you can find at Emo Leichtmetallbau, Ernst Modl & Co

Before WWII

Graslitz around 1916

The life of Ernst Modl starts on July 4th 1892 in Graslitz, Czechoslovakia. Graslitz, now known as Kraslice, is a town close to the border with Germany. It was then part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. Graslitz housed an extensive production of musical instruments, brass and woodwind, but also harmonicas. The other economic pillar was textile industry. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were 86 middle and smaller textile factories and 11 musical instrument factories in Graslitz. There were also 40 independent companies that either produced musical instruments or their components.

The father of Ernst Modl was named Josef Modl, his mother's name was Katherina. There's already a Josef Modl listed in 1771 as musical instrument trader, living at Modlgasse 371 (549) in Graslitz. One of his descendants was Ernst's father, also called Josef Modl, rotary valve block maker and trader of wind and string instruments in the early 1900's at Modlgasse 542/786 in Graslitz, with his workshop founded in 1848. In 1913 Josef Modl is listed along with F.X.Hüller as one of the two Graslitz makers that participate in the newly registered O.Hebron export firm in Berlin, together with a lot of Markneukirchen based traders.

Until WWI the city was booming. In the years of the First World War, the economic boom stagnated. In 1918, Austria-Hungary, to which Graslitz belonged, disintegrated, and the Czechoslovak Republic was founded. After WWI production in Graslitz quickly recovered and at a time there were 59 musical instrument manufacturers in the area including such names as Bohland & Fuchs, F.X.Hüller, A.K. Hüttl and Julius Keilwerth.

Ernst Modl Metallwarenfabrik

From ca. 1918 till 10-05-1920 Ernst Modl is listed as maker of rotary valve blocks (G.Dullat). In the catalog '400 Jahre Musikinstrumentenbau in Graslitz' Dullat also mentions Josef Modl at Modlgasse 542 (786), and he states that it's the same as Ernst Modl at Modlgasse 786, who's listed as 'Maschinen- und Metalblassinstrumentenbau sowie Herstellung von Geschossteilen".

ERNST MODL Metallwarenfabrik GRASLITZ i. Böhmen, source: Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau, Volume 37, Nummer 8, edited by Elektrotechnischer Verein in Wien, 1919

The magazine Elektrotechnik und Machinenbau, Volume 37, Nr 8 has an ad on April 6th 1919 of Ernst Modl Metallwarenfabrik, Graslitz i. Böhmen (Bohemia), producing all kinds of nipples, clamps and sheet metal screens. 'Best prices. Best performance. Fast delivery.' the ads says. It doesn't give a street name/address. So Ernst started a workshop on his own.

F.X Hüller & Co

On 09/06/1919 Ernst Modl marries Philippine Hüller, the daughter of Franz Xaver Hüller. In 1922 a daughter is born. His father-in-law F.X. Hüller was a leading instrument maker in Graslitz. By 1910 Hüller had 200-250 people at work. He built and traded wind instruments and stringed instruments. Hüller, born on December 29th of 1856, in the nearby Pechbach founded his factory in 1882. He then bought the ruïns of the 'Knappschaftsmühle', a burnt mill, and on that spot in 1898 he had a factory and a house built. The factory was known as the 'Schied-Fabrik'. The address was Eibenbergerstrasse 440, now called Wolkerova in the Grunberg part of Graslitz (now: Zelená Horá in Kraslice). House nr 1066 is right behind the factory and is the Hüller villa at the Knappschaftsgasse/Nerudova (cást).

The F.X. Hüller & Co factory and house around 1920, source: Hüller & Co catalog

Franz Xaver Hüller (1856-1936)

Ernst Modl joined the company in 1919 after he married Philippine. Her sister Susanne had married Anton Riedl (6/6/1884-11/25/1935) in 1911, Riedl joined the Hüller company in 1911. (note: this Anton Riedl is another one than the maker of the Arigra octagonal trumpets).

In 1920, on March 1st, Modl and Riedl together with Philippine and Susanne Hüller became partners in the company (Hüller himself was aged 63 by then). On March 29th 1920 the name of the company changed therefore in F.X.Hüller & Co (F.X.Hüller a Spol in Czech). Modl took on the role of the inventor and craftsman, while Riedl took care of the management and the sales. (Uwe Ladwig). 'He never built an instrument' (Rippert)

Hüller & Co Trade registry entry source:Zeitschrift für Musikinstrumentenbau 1921

In 1921 they were enlisted in the trade register in Markneukirchen, Hüller as manufacturer, Modl and Riedl as Kaufmann (businessman), with the addition that their wives were not allowed to represent the company. In 1929/1930 they are still listed in the Markneukirchen address book. Hüller & Co was one of the first Bohemian factories to establish a branch in Markneukirchen. In 1929 he is listed there at the address Roter Markt 13, and later on in Klingenthal, both only a few kilometres away from Graslitz but then part of the German Empire. The instrument makers in Bohemia exported a lot. Their branches in Saxonian Vogtland helped to get their products all over the world. Especially when they had to deal with the big market crisis and growing tariff barriers as a result of that in the early thirties.

In 1923 F.X. Hüller & Co starts with the production of saxophones, first led by Max Keilwerth. Other departments of the company provide brass instruments and parts, signal horns, drums and cymbals, valve blocks (piston and rotary) and string instruments and parts. There is a saxophone catalog from F.X.Hüller & Co with World saxophones, to be dated around this time (see: F.X.Huller.com). This catalog states in it's english text that Hüller wants to secure his place amongst the leading manufactures of musical instruments. The German text is more explicit: it says that they can take the first place already. Thanks to 'a staff of hardworking and thoroughbred assistants, both technical and mercantile', which seems to be a reference to Riedl and Modl.

In the twenties F.X.Hüller & Co also starts with English model names for his brass and saxophones. In a 1920's catalog World is the name of the most luxurious saxophones. There's also a new 'jazzy' logo that's found on the '1923' catalog and on a 1924 F.X.Hüller & Co letterhead.

F.X.Hüller Graslitz Böhmen, the old logo, featuring an angel with a harp
F.X.Hüller K. und K. priv.Instrumentenfabrik. As of 1911 Hüller was permitted to use the two headed imperial eagle in his logo.
F.X.Hüller & Co, jazzy World logo

The jazzy logo is also found on instruments that went to Romania (Georg Huber, Timisoara, a shop for musical instruments 'representative' for Hüller) and Germany (C.A.Wunderlich, a trader in Siebenbrunn in Vogtland, close to Graslitz on the other side of the border.)

Huber bariton horn with World logo
C.A.Wunderlich saxophone with World logo

The World logo is also found on this F tuba with top action rotary valves, built after a 1929 patent from Hüller. See also the Top action rotary valve trumpets page.

A very rare bird is this bariton horn with the new World logo but also the brand name Hüriemo. Which is an acronym for HÜller, RIedl and MOdl. A common practice in Graslitz and the nearby Markneukirchen. But so far I found only one instrument with this name. Maybe they choose pretty fast to use only the World model names.

Two F.X.Hüller & Co, Graslitz Czechoslovakia baritone horn with jazzy World logo. The one to the right is also branded Hüriemo, the one to the left has a lowered pitch

F.X. Hüller ad from 1929, mentioning the Hüriemo brand and also the Jazzophone as a novelty.

Several years later in 1932, an additional catalog presents the cheaper Professional and Champion models and next to the World model there is a World de Luxe series (called World Luxus on the German market), for saxophones, trumpets and trombones. (The mutes offered in this catalog are from the Shastock and Jedson brand.)

F.X.Hüller & Co ad with the model names Professional, Champion and World

In the early thirties Hüller & Co trumpets had one or two straight braces in the main tuning slide. Horn-u-copia features an early Hüller & Co World trumpet with a straight brace and a naked lady, a feature that was made famous by C.G.Conn. In 2024 another World was for sale with two straight braces.

F.X.Hüller & Co World, source:Horn-u-copia
World trumpet with naked lady and two braces, valves numbered 58.59.60 source Ebay.com

And here's a F.X. Hüller World Luxus, beautifully decorated and also with the naked lady.

F.X.Hüller World Luxus, source Auktionshaus Mehlis, 2018

F.X.Hüller & Co catalog pages from around 1932

At one point the naked lady and the jazzy World logo disappear in favour of Art Deco styled engravings of the model names. Below two World trumpets with such art deco engravings.

World trumpet, valves numbered 20, 21, 22 or something like that, source Ebay.de june 2022

World trumpet, valve numbers 28,29,30

A postcard that was sent to relations inviting them to the Leipziger Mess in February-March 1937 mentions the Champion, World and Professsional saxophone models. Hüller advertises trumpets, alto- tenor- and french horns, flugelhorns, trombones, sousaphonen and the Jazzophone.

Business card for the 1937 Leipzig fair, sent to Rauscher musical instruments in Munich

At the end of the thirties the braces of the trumpets change from one or two straight braces to two half circles or two ellipses with a circle in between.

F.X.Hüller a spol, Kraslice, Champion trumpet, left: valve numbers 31,32,33, right: valve numbers 94,95,96

F.X.Hüller a Spol, World trumpet
F.X.Hüller a Spol Kraslice, World Super trumpet

These circle/ellipse braces are found in a F.X. Hüller & Co catalog dated 1939. Here the Professional model seems to have disappeared, and a World Super model is added, between the World and the World de Luxe. According to this catalog the World de Luxe is also available with hexagonal valve blocks, finger rings and waterkeys. A wink to the Arigra like trumpets of the time.

Pages from a F.X.Hüller & Co catalog dated 1939, source: FXHuller.com.

Below a World Luxus, similar to the World de Luxe in the above catalog. Sold years ago by Musikhaus Louis in Saarbrücken with the story that is had been an object on the Leipziger Messe.

World Luxus, valve numbers 22,23,24, source Ebay.de 2024

In the catalog the half circles brace is found on a Champion model. But the trumpet below is a World model and has them also.

A F.X.Hüller & Co World, Graslitz, Sudetengau. That means it's from 1938 or later. source: ebay.de 2020

This one also has engraved 'Graslitz, Sudetengau', Sudetengau being the part of Czechosloavkia that was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938. It has no Art Deco engraving but a globe logo.

Now the next trumpet is identical to the above Hüller Sudetengau World trumpet and similar Hüller trumpets with two half circles. But it's engraved 'Louis Armstrong' and 'USA', a pretty modest engraving compared to the exuberant Art Deco engravings above. I'm pretty sure it's a Hüller made stencil. It was played by Henk Baas (1924-2003), one of the founders of the Utrecht based NS orkest. According to his son, he started playing it when he was 19 or 20, so that would be around 1944.

trumpet branded Louis Armstrong USA, valve numbers 121,122,123, numbers on the mouthpipe 76 and 49

As Hüller switched to war production from 1939 onwards, I guess it has to be dated around 1939. Maybe Hüller & Co marketed the instrument under this name, or someone else marketed it, as Hüller is known to have made a lot of stencils (especially saxophones). In using Armstrongs name he was not the first, French instrument maker Selmer already came with an Armstrong signature trumpet in 1933. What's interesting is that after the war Ernst Modl offered Louis Armstrong one of his trumpets (by then branded Emo) and that Armstrong played two of them for a few years, instead of the Selmers he used to play since 1933. More about that in the story about Louis Armstrong playing an Emo

Some more F.X.Hüller & Co labelled instruments

F.X.Hüller & Co trumpet with World logo, coll.:Jos Weeland
F.X.Hüller & Co bass flugelhorn with World logo, coll.: Klingende Sammlung, Bern
F.X. Hüller & Co flugel and trumpet sold by G.Huber, Timisoara, with World logo

F.X.Hüller & Co World bass trumpet, used by vocational school D.Z. Lwow No. 20, (which is Lviv in Ukrain) source Ebay.de 2024

F.X.Hüller a spol, Kraslice Champion trombone

F.X.Hüller a spol, Kraslice, World trombone

F.X.Hüller & Co, Graslitz bombardino with World logo, source: milanuncios.com

F.X.Hüller & Co, Graslitz 4 valve baritone with World logo, source: SS.com
F.X.Hüller & Co, Graslitz tenor horn with World logo, source: Yorkmaster

F.X.Hüller & Co, Graslitz sousaphon, traded by G.Huber in Romania.

Huller sousaphone model World

F.X.Hüller & Co, Graslitz C.S.R, kaiserbas, 123 cm high and a bell diameter of 61 cm, coll.Uwe Schneider

F. X. Hüller & Co French horn, source Ebay.ca, 2024

Set of F.X. Hüller & Co instruments, traded by G Huber in Timisoara (Romania), sold by Hotel des Ventes des Notaires in Strasbourg, February 2024. I guess an alto horn, tenor horn, Eb tuba and Bb tuba, the smallest measuring 49 cm. The two smallest instruments have a shield with the 'World' logo, the two largest instruments have a shield without.

There are only a few F.X.Hüller & Co labelled (brass) instruments around, the main reason being that it were mainly the traders that put their name on the instruments, not the makers. Or there was no name at all to be found. I haven't started to research those F.X.Hüller & Co brass instrument stencils. Only one example I researched extensively: the Jazzophone, I found some 30 Jazzophones. I believe most of them were made by Hüller & Co, but only one bears their name. Five are branded C.A. Wunderlich, a trader from the nearby Siebenbrunn, one is named Johan Michl & Sohn, another Graslitz instrument maker. The others have no name as far as I know. I don't know if that's representative for the Hüller brass production as a whole, but it might be an indication. On the fxhuller.com site you'll find an impressive overview of the Hüller saxophone stencil production. Again: I don't know if that's representative for the brass production, but it gives an idea. Chasing 'Hüller' saxophone stencils turns out to be possible, for brass instruments it's really difficult, partly because there are so few "Hüller & Co brass instruments around, and also because brass instrument don't have as many 'details' to recognize and compare as saxophones...

Between 1926 and 1932 the company had listed various (D.R.G.M.) patents, like the one for the Jazzophon (1926: DRGM 995305), and one for Top action rotary valve trumpets(1929: DRGM 1087757, 1088742).

Jazzophon
Jazzophon marked F.X.Hüller & Co Graslitz, incomplete

D.R.G.M. announcement in Zeitschrift instrumentenbau Heft 7 Band 47

catalog F.X .Hüller & Co p. 13 ca. 1930, source fxhuller.com

The Jazzophone and the Top action rotary valve trumpets were inspired by the jazz craze that came over from the US. As did the exploded production of saxophones.

Ernst Modl might be behind these F.X.Hüller & Co patents as Hüller himself was already in his 70's by then and Modl has a reputation as 'inventor' and listed a lot more patents after WWII (see below).

F.X.Hüller a Spol Kraslice, top action rotary valve trumpet, model Champion

F.X Hüller & Co ad with the Jazzophon, source Artist 48, 1930

F.X.Hüller & Co catalog page with Jazzophon, ca. 1930

In 1935 Anton Riedl dies at the age of 51. He is skipped as partner. One year later, in 1936 Franz Xaver Hüller passes away aged 80. That means that Ernst Modl was the only acting director of the company as of then. Riedl had been in charge of the management and sales aspects of the business and the firm suffered as a result of his death; 'the company began to lurch' as Uwe Ladwig says. The death of Riedl wasn't the only factor I guess, the musical instrument business around Graslitz (and the nearby Vogtland) was declining as a whole since the world crisis of 1929. Unemployment in Graslitz reached a climax in 1934 at 37.9% of all working people.

In 1936 the company wanted to start a workshop in Klingenthal but this project apparently failed due to the objection of the Czech Ministry of Economic Affairs, as the branch would have caused considerable damage to the industry's carry-over, so Gunther Dullat. Later they did open a branch in Klingenthal. By then F.X.Hüller & Co was one of the biggest companies in town along with Bohland & Fuchs (500 employees), A.K. Hüttl (350), V.Kohlert (300), Stowasser and textile firms like J. L. Ball &Co (500), Durst & Krey (150), Stark & Köstler (700)

In an adress overview of Graslitz that's dated around 1938 'F.K. Hüller' is still listed on Knapschaftsgasse nr 1066, the villa next to the factory. But at a certain point Ernst Modl and his family must have moved in, because at the end of the war they are registered at this address. As a side note, Pavel Palůch notes in an article in 'Sokolovsko' that former German residents of Kraslice remember Ernst Modl as a member of the German Theater Association ("Deutscher Theaterverein ”), where from the founding until the takeover of the association by the former German Labor Front (“ Deutsche Arbeitsfront ”) he was available as a director and very often together with his wife as an actor.

WWII

In 1938 Graslitz (by then more than 35.000 inhabitants) and Sudetenland as a whole became occupied by Nazi-Germany. October 1st saw Wehrmacht forces invading the territory.

Adolf Hitler passes through Graslitz on October 4th 1938, source:Bundesarchiv

On October 4rd Adolf Hitler came along in Graslitz. As a result of the Munich Agreement Graslitz in 1938 was incorporated into the German Reich. From then until 1945, Kraslice was the district of Graslitz in the administrative district of Eger in the Reichsgau Sudetenland.

Military horns

As of 1939 F.X.Hüller & Co and other factories were used to build aircraft parts and war equipment. (Dullat 400). But in those years there were still all kind of instruments made (mainly) for the military. Traditionally Hüller had built instruments for the military. The tenor horn and the alto sax with WL inscription below were built for the music corpses of the airforce (Wehrmacht Luftwaffe), the horn for the music corps of Gebirgsjäger Regiment 139 (Mountaneer regiment).

Inscribed on bell "II. / Geb. Jäg. Rgt. 139 / F.X. HÜLLER & CO. / GRASLITZ / SUDETENGAU / 1939"; on valve bottom caps "45", "43", "44". coll.: Edinburgh Musical Instrument Museum

F. X. HÜLLER & CO GRASLITZ - SUDETENGAU - 157 WL - 1939

Hüller produced also bugles for the Hitler Jugend and the German Army. They all have a year of production engraved. Below is an F.X Hüller bugle for the Landesdienst (Land Service) of the Hitlerjugend, dated 1939. It has an engraved eagle and swastika underneath. To the side of the bugle is engraved in gothic script “Landesdienst der HJ” with a Hitler Youth diamond below. T

Landesdienst HJ bugle 1939

Hitler Jugend bugle F.X. HÜLLER & CO, GRASLITZ, 1939, source: Collectors Guild Inc germanmilitaria.com

Each Hitler Jugend Bann had a band and each Stamm had a Drum & Fife or Drum & Bugle Corps. The bugles were modeled after the old Army pattern and were tuned to "C". Brass and German nickel/silver construction. The chain is to secure the mouth piece to the bugle. Total height is approximately 28cm. It has a raised HJ pattern eagle, clutching a sword and hammer with swastika superimposed to breast, to horn top.

I found several army bugles, approximately 10" tall.

Signal bugle F.X. Hüller & Co Graslitz 1939, source Worthpoint.com
World War II German Army Signal Bugle. F.X. Huller & Co, Graslitz, 1939, source Worthpoint.com
Wehrmacht signal horn F.X.Hüller Graslitz 1939 source: ww2.ru
signal horn marked F.X. Huller & Co. Graslitz 1939 source: Worthpoint.com

A seller of one of the army signal horn adds: these were carried by German soldiers throughout the war. Most of the photos of these are from the early war period when the Germans still had enough infantry soldiers that they could launch large scale infantry type offensive operations.

It's interesting that, where Hüller & Co never dated their instruments (and in the case of brass even no serial numbers are known) these instruments are almost all dated 1939.

World War II German Army Signal Bugle. F.X. Huller & Co, Graslitz, 1940 source: Ebay.fr

World War II German Army Signal Bugle. F.X. Huller & Co, Graslitz, 1941 source: Catawiki.nl

I found one similar F.X.Hüller & Co bugle dated 1940 and and one dated 1941 and that's it for now. As far as I know no other dates are found on instruments (except from the 'Copyright 1938' date on saxophones, which refers to a Herbert Menge patent, but that's a different story). The other thing is that these instruments are all related to the military. Was there an obligation (from the Nazis) to produce instruments only for the army (and Hitler Jugend...). Had they to be dated because of the scarse copper? Similar dating is found on WWII bugles from other makers, on bugles around WW1 and on UK bugles.

Ernst Modl claimed a patent at the German Reich patent office (of which Czechoslovakia now was part) for a ball joint connection for rotary valves in wind instruments. He claimed it October 4th 1940 it was granted on December 24th 1942 and published in Januar 1943. The full text of this patent, nr DE000000730876A at Ernst Modl's patents.

Soon afterwards production of musical instruments stopped completely. The company is said to have been closed during World War 2. But, like other factories, the premisses were used for war production.

War economy

After the annexation Sudetenland was quickly incorporated in the German war economy. The territory of the Czech Republic was considered fairly safe from bombings during the Nazi regime. Especially in the final stages of World War II, this lead the concentration camps of Auschwitz, Flossenbürg (eastern Bavaria) und Groß-Rosen (Lower Silesia) to establish an extensive system of subcamps for armament production in the Sudetengau, the border areas which had been annexed by the German "Reich" in 1938, and in the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia. In the Sudetengau, there was neither war equipment nor ammunition production before the outbreak of war. Therefore new businesses had to be created. The most important new forges in the Sudeten area were state-owned companies built according to the "Montan scheme". The Montan scheme was based on trust agreements between the German Reich and the private sector. Private companies (parent companies) received an order from the Army Inspectorate (HWA) for the construction of an armaments company at government expense. A shell contract was concluded between a parent company and the HWA and a subsidiary was founded, which leased the plant from the army's own society for Montanindustrie GmbH (Montan GmbH). In this way, at least 119 companies were created by the end of the war, employing 190,000 people on November 1, 1944. According to this principle, six large arms factories were founded in the Sudetengau in 1939-1940, which were generally treated preferentially in the allocation of labor. Nevertheless, the newly founded ammunition factories in the Sudetengau suffered from labor shortages.

Emo Leichtmetallbau, Ernst Modl & Co. KG

On 29-01-1941 Ernst Modl becomes the only company representative for F.X.Hüller & Co. The 1941 edition of Compass, Kommerzielles Jahrbuch Sudetenland lists F.X. Hüller & Co, Graslitz and as of 1942 Ernst Modl appears in the Jahrbuch with a separate entry. The 1944 version still lists both F.X. Hüller & Co, Graslitz and Ernst Modl & Co Komm.-Ges. (Kommanditgesellschaft, Ltd ) Grunberg. The archive of the Bank der deutschen Luftfahrt AG 1933-1945 lists Emo Leichtmetallbau, Ernst Modl & Co. KG, Grünberg/Sudetenland (until Nov. 1941: F. X. Hüller & Co., Werk II). There's also an audit report ( Prüfungsbericht) from 1939, a Balance sheet, income statement (Bilanz, Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung) from 1940, a location map from Grunberg/Zelena Hora and a company history from 1942. As of 1941 Ernst Modl used Emo Leichtmetallbau, Ernst Modl & Co. KG as a separate company for the war efforts.

The archive of the Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand AG, 1925-1945 (in the Bundesarchiv) contains the (audits of the) financial statements as of 31 Dec. 1941 and 1942 of Emo Leichtmetallbau, Ernst Modl & Co. KG, Grünberg bei Graslitz. The archive of Bank der deutschen Luftfahrt also contains a contract between the German Reich and the Modl company from 1942/1943 and an additional contract from 1945 (Vertrag zwischen dem Deutschen Reich und der Firma, 1942/43, und Zusatzvertrag, 1945). There is also a document about the employment of 142 Russian workers in 1942 and arrests in 1943. (Bundesarchiv: Verstöße gegen die Betriebsordnung.- Verhaftungen bei der Firma EMO-Leichtmetallbau, Grünberg begin 1943. ) There's an extract of the commercial register from Oktober 21st 1944 and a Dr. Rieffert is mentioned as the sole manager and operator in 1944.

On a separate page the operation of Emo Leichtmetallbau, Ernst Modl & Co in the context of the war economy is further explored, based on these documents.

Forced labor

The work at the Emo factory was done by laborers from different sources, not only Russians. EMO owned a work camp were workers of various nationalities - the Czechs (19%), the Russians (61%), the French (12%), the Belgians (5%), the Dutch (3%) who were totally employed at EMO were interned. During the camp's existence - from February 1942 to April 1945 - there lived 450 people, including 4 women, wives of total workers, and 2 children born in the camp. (Tábory utrpení a smrti, Růžena Bubeníčková et al) , Jules van Egdom, from Belgium was such a forced laborer at EMO from 09.08.1944 tot 10.04.1945. According to Van Egdom the camp for Modl was in Schwaderbach (now Bublava), some 4 kilometers north. He knew that there were made musical instruments at that location before. Previously he worked in Fischamend and Schwadorf near Vienna (WNF Wiener Neustäter Flugzeugwerke), later in Kratzau (Spreewerk) until the liberation by the Russians.

Jules van Egdom, and his Ausweis and Gestellungsbefehl, declaring that he was working at EMO Leichtmetallbau.

The Emo/Hüller factory was at Grunberg (Zelená Hora), the workers camp at Schwaderbach (Bublava)

Theo Geijssen

Another forced laborer was Dutchman Theo Geijssen from Utrecht (1923-2013). He was in Graslitz before Van Egdom and his description makes me believe that he was at the EMO factory as well. "I was in Czechoslovakia too, it must have been in 1943. A group was selected and they went to Regensburg to work in the Messerschmidt factories, which were a little further away. But when we arrived in Regensburg, those factories were bombed and so we couldn't go to work there. So we split up again and went to Graslitz, a place in the mountains, where there was a village with a machine factory, and then we had to go to work there. We slept again in a Lager. We were there for about half a year, no longer. In Czechoslovakia we had no freedom at all, we didn't see much there either. You had to go all the way up the mountain, there you were sleeping. And then down, you were exhausted in the evening. I stood there all day behind a lathe, I had the day shift, you also had night shifts, which stood behind the same machine as where I was. Then I got comments that those from the night shift made 20 pieces of something and I only 10. So I had to work harder and when I said that I could not work harder, that machine had to be set faster. So I let that machine run faster and then it crashed, haha! It was not on purpose, of course not. If you didn't do what they said they threatened you to go to a concentration camp that was nearby, Theresiënstadt, a very tough camp. Of course you didn't feel like it at all."

After WWII

Kraslice was liberated on May 7, 1945 by the US Army. Only 18 Czechs lived in the town at the beginning of May 1945, but new Czech settlers soon appeared and this number doubled within a few days. The first settlers were Czechs returning from Germany from total deployment and concentration camps, the first Czechs inland came to Kraslice on May 18th. Kraslice became one of the "happier" cities that did not have to experience the most drastic postwar excesses on the part of the Czech population, due to it's geografical location in the American zone. US troops left the city in November 1945.(Archive Kraslice)

Displacement of German population

The twelfth article of the Potsdam Agreement, signed on August 2, 1945, prescribed an "orderly and humane" transfer of the German population from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. In the case of Kraslice, the Germans were selected on the basis of three categories. The leaders of the German organizations were to be postponed, only those who were in the process or the expectations of the court or questioning could remain. Similarly, former state and public employees were to leave, this time without exception. Only the third category - manual workers and entrepreneurs - was hit harder by the Czech labor force. While traders, farmers and workers were to be displaced "if not needed", miners and specialists had to stay. It was the latter who, among other things, had the task of passing on their knowledge and experience to the new arrivals of the colonists, taking over the "detached" region. The practical side of displacement was the responsibility of the District Administrative Commissions (OSK). These committees acted as individual units, but there was a certain level of intercity cooperation within the regions on the German population. Between the OSK and the US military administration during the first post-war months, there was a noticeable friction, especially because of the aforementioned unwillingness of Americans to agree to an indiscriminate Czech approach to the inhabitants of German origin. Due to the temporary closure of border crossings in the summer of 1945, refugees from the eastern part of the country began to accumulate in border towns, trying to get out of the Soviet zone and into Germany. So the OSK was supposed to secure their accommodation and take care of it until the next border opening, which led to a deeper sense of grievance and disgust on the part of local Czechs. Around forty thousand transferred Germans have accumulated in small Kraslice, and their improvised accommodation had to be arranged in the workers' quarters of Steubing & Co. In addition to the Steubing factory, an EMO accommodation facility was established, which was formerly part of the EMO factory and accommodated 700 people. In both centers the Germans stayed only days or a maximum of one or two weeks before they were sent by train to the west.

The German households received a so-called "Einberufungsschein" (call-up certificate). With the following content (for Graslitz): "You have at least 24 hours after receipt of the notice of appeal with your family in the Collection point ......................... (EMO or STEUBING). Each person is allowed to carry a baggage weighing no more than 50 kg (blanket, pillows, necessary clothing, underwear, shoes and everyday necessities), including food. Upon leaving the collection center, the person summoned must lock the apartment, cover the keyhole with the upper section of the notice of appointment with the head OSK, whereupon the name and address must be written down. All neatly bound apartment keys provided with name and exact address, are handed over at the MSK - housing offices (persons from Kraslice directly in the collection point) together with list of the things left behind in the flat.

Ernst Modl was on the September 5th 1946 train to Nürnberg in West Germany. Aged 54, labelled as 'mechanist' (and not as an instrument maker), with his wife Philippine (51) as household. Train number 14, wagon number 22. Franz Riedl (19) the son of Anton and Susanne, had already left with the train 18-03-1946, with train nr 2, wagon nr. 16. At that time Ernst Modl and his wife and Franz Riedl still lived at the house nr 1066, the villa next to the factory were Franz Xaver Hüller had lived before. The fact that Franz Riedl lived with the Modls could imply that his mother Susanne had deceased by that time. Modl's daughter went to München and stayed there.

In 22 transports between February 28th and October 22nd 1946, 22461 people were displaced from the Kraslice district, from Kraslice alone it was 11,306 people. At the end of 1946, 11531 inhabitants were in Kraslice, of which 7108 were Czechs. During 1947, three more German transports were dispatched. At the end of 1947 the town of Kraslice had 6463 inhabitants, of which 4300 were Czechs and 2042 Germans. The very narrow focus of the Kraslice economy was the reason for allowing more Germans to stay than in other cities and regions. While in the areas of agriculture or heavy industry there was no need to teach new immigrants with the help of German experts, traditional ornamental textiles and the production of musical instruments - with which the Communist regime wanted to continue - were fields whose specialization had to be passed on from the original population to the new ones. Until the 1950s, the German-speaking German population made up forty per cent of the total population (partly due to abstaining experts, partly due to mixed families allowed to remain in Czechoslovakia).

Nationalisation

In 1945 there were 31 larger plants in Kraslice, employing more than one hundred employees, another 88 employing more than ten employees, and many of them still domestic workers. In the vast majority of establishments the producers of musical instruments or their components were working, another significant part consisted of manufacturers of embroidery and lace. All commercial and craft trades and agricultural holdings of German owners were confiscated. Companies with a staff of 21-300 were within the scope of OSK, with more than 300 employees, they were subject to the National Country Committee. Many trades under the national administration gradually disappeared and were disposed of, some merging and creating cooperatives, others gradually merging into national enterprises between 1949 and 1952. As a result of this development, in 1953 there were only four large national enterprises in the field of musical instruments and textile production. They were Amati, Lace, Leko and Ohara. The Amati National Company was formed by the incorporation of 10 inland races to the original Amati cooperative with a founding meeting on 17-10-1945, in the canteen of Hüller, as a source says. It which combined a total of 322 confiscators producing musical instruments on the territory of the Kraslice district. F.X. Hüller & Co was one of them, others were Josef Glassl, Bohland & Fuchs, Julius Keilwerth, A.K. Hüttl, Franz Michl and Kohlerts Söhne. In 1948, the cooperative was nationalized, working back till 1-1-1947. The individual plants were gradually closed down and the production concentrated on Hans Rölz, Köstler and originally the Hupfer textile factories.

The Czech Law Survey provides a notification about the Decree on the Nationalization of EMO-Leichtmetallbau Ernst Modl and Co., KG in Zelená Hora u Kraslic on December 27, 1945. The nationalisation of EMO-Leichtmetallbau came immediately into effect. In an official magazine (Úradný vestník) from 1948 we find a regulation from the Ministry of Industry: "on the nationalization of mines and certain industrial enterprises, incorporate, in agreement with the Minister of Finance, the assets of EMO-Leichtmetallbau Ernst Modl & Co., KG, based in Zelená Hora near Kraslice, within the scope of its nationalization to Perun, laundry and cleaning plant, national enterprise."

Incorporation of the EMO assets in Perun

In 1952 the legislation on compensation for war damage (Lastenausgleichsgesetz) was adopted. In the archive of the Heimatauskunfststelle Regierungsbezirk Eger, Emo Leichtmetallbau is mentioned in 1953.

The old buildings of F.X.Hüller in Graslitz are today used by a concrete company, Českomoravský. In the early 2000's there were parts of John Deere tractors en machinery made. In 2011 there's a picture of the inside where it was used as a production hall of an engineering company. The buildings of Emo Leichtmetallbau in Zelena Hora/Grunberg were in the post-war history the long-term seat of plant 07 of the company AUTOBRZDY n. P. Jablonec n. N., where the production of air brake cylinders was located (the building was purchased in 1965). Today, the company Kukal & Uhlíř, s. R. O. uses it.

Neustadt an der Aisch

From Nürnberg, where the train brought him, Ernst Modl first went to the Flüchtling Lager, the refugee camp in Fierst, a small village near Ebern, where he stayed from September 8th till September 29th. Then he went 44 km northwest to Neustadt a/d Aisch, where he first was registered at the adress Bambergerstrasse 30. On Oktober 2nd he fills in a registration form. This form was an obligation following the denazification law of the American military government. The denazification was aimed at separating the nazi war criminals from the fellow travellers and the others. Modl states that he had been a paying (RM 2,50 per month) member of the NSDAP from 1939 till 1945. The registration is followed by a procedure at an Arbitration Chamber (Spruchkammer). The public prosecutor wants to list him as a fellow travellor, Modl first complains and claims to have been politically persecuted, because of his arrest and imprisonment by the Gestapo. He presents documents about his release form prison, testimonies of a former archbishop who was with him in prison, of 7 Czech and one Russian workers who state that he behaved well against all the foreigners in his factory, and that nothing wrong could be told about him. He also provides a document that makes clear that he wasn't allowed to have any influence in the company after his release from prison. There's also a document from the Graslitz antifascist comité, stating that he's right about his role in the NSDAP, that he had behaved well against prisoners of war, politically dissenters and other workers in his company. He was no dangerous nazi but he was a beneficiary, who was convicted to 6 months prison because of tax avoiding. After a meeting with the president of the Arbitration Chamber Modl acknowledged that he had not actively resisted the nazi's and he was placed in group 4, the followers, and fined with RM50.

Later on he moved to Nürnberger Strasse 27.

Nürnberger Strasse 27, Neustadt a/d/Aisch

There is a story Mario Rippert told me, that after his expulsion Modl should have become the manager in London for Selmer London. He had good contacts to Premier Drum and Selmer London before the war as he made components for the drum manufacturing. He was there for a week and looked at it, but then went back to Neustadt a/d Aisch, said 'they only have tea-time'. He was just used to work.

On December 3rd 1949, he applies for a Gebrauchsmuster (a kind of 'patent light') for a mute with a sliding cup shaped part (a 'Husch-Husch'mute) for trumpets and trombones. His 'invention' is a rubber ring keeping the two parts tied instead of screws, making the sliding faster and easier. It's granted May 22nd 1950. In the application form he calls himself Musikinstrumentenmacher. At the same time he claims a patent for the impregnation of cardboard made mutes with 'IGECOLL F', a product of BASF, the Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik. Full text at Ernst Modl's patents

Modl started production in Neustadt a/d Aisch under the name F.X.Hüller & Co, Blechblasinstrumente, founded 01-01-1950 (or 05-09-1950?). He didn't make saxophones anymore. He started without money with repairs in an old pigsty, started with the production of mutes, then the production of rotary valves is added. The company’s first new instruments were built in the early 1950’s. Anton Riedl’s son, Franz Riedl (3-3-1927 / 1-9-2008) joined Modl in the resurrected business. Like his father, Riedl’s primary contribution was made in administration and sales, next to his job as musician.

On May 5th 1950 he applies for another mute patent, this time for a wow-wow mute, the invention being that the mute was made of presspan (cardboard) instead of aluminium and the two parts stuck together. The application form has no drawings attached but I guess the idea is a bit like the right mute below, that's still for sale. Full text again at Ernst Modl's patents

Emo aluminium wow-wow mute, source: Thomann.de
Emo plastic wow-wow mute, source: Thomann.de

Modl applied for another patent regarding rotary valve instruments (on 16-10-1950). This one should make the assembly of rotary spring valves much easier and serial production possible. It was granted 13-9-1951. (pdf to be added).

In 1951 Modl produced signal instruments with already 12 employees at the Nürnbergerstrasse 27. In 1952, a second workshop is purchased, at Zeppelinstrasse 9, the number of employees grew to 30. The production of rotary valves was added and in 1953 all brass instruments were made with 30 specialists (mostly people from Graslitz).

The Staatsarchiv Nurnberg has a document from the Regierung Mittelfranken about a Staatsverbürgter Flüchtlingsproduktivkredit für die Firma F. X. Hüller u. Co., Inh. Ernst Modl, Blechblasinstrumente in Neustadt a.d. Aisch (1950-1961). That implies that he got financial help from the government, a state guaranteed credit, like other fugitives. At another place is mentioned that he got financial help through the Marshall Plan.

Diespeck an der Aisch

The Emo factory in Diespeck, built in 1954, extended in 1956. In 2017 it was removed to build a home for the elderly

In 1954 Modl started the construction of a new company building at Sudetenstrasse 7 in Diespeck near Neustadt a/d Aisch, some 6 km away from the original location. This was registered 10-10-1954. The architect was the husband of his daughter Adrienne Valter. In 1956 followed by an extension/enlargement of the workshop, in the end with 60 employees. In 1962 there came a residential building above the factory. In 1963 Modl lives at Zeppelinstrasse 9, Neustadt a/d Aisch, now the adress of Schmidt Verlagsdruckerei.

In 1955 he was listed as one of the 3456 participants at the Internationale Frankfurter Frühlingsmesse (March 4-8th 1955), where he was in the company of other former Graslitz and now German producers like Julius Keilwerth and Franz Sandner, Hopf & Co, Alois Langhammer, the Gemeinschaft der Graslitzer Musikinstrumentenerzeuger (later Miraphone) and Böhm & Meinl.

In the meantime Modl applied for a few other patents. In 1956 he patented a tuning device for piston trumpets (DE000001726634U). In 1957 a patent for pushing the springs in a rotary valve was patented (DE000001744665U) and a device for making the core of rotary valves (DE000001029215A). In 1959 he patented a new rotary valve design (DE000001111487A) where the valve casings were made of two parts pressed together. In 1960 there was a patent for a rotary valve for brass instruments (DE000001813388U) and another in 1963 (DE000001880190U)and a piston valve for brass instruments (DE000001880191). In 1963 he also patented a ball joint for rotary valves.

Willy Hopf & Co catalog page, late fifties.

In the late fifties Emo World and Emo Champion trumpets and trombones pop up in a catalog of Willy Hopf & Co from Taunusstein, near Frankfurt. On the same page the Selmer Invicta and the Selmer Paris. The Selmer Paris is offered in two bores, 19 called Armstrong, 23 called Harry James.

Lindberg catalog page, late fifties

The Emo World is also offered in the Müsika mail order catalog of Lindberg, München, from the same period. Priced DM 288-327, depending on the version, it's the most expensive trumpet offered in this catalog. Here Louis Armstrong is quoted as an endorser of Emo trumpets, saying "ít's the best instrument I played in my whole life." More about that below.

In the 'ABC der deutschen Wirtschaft' from 1966 F.X. Hüller& Co, Inh. Ernst Modl in Neustadt a/d Aisch is listed as exporting to all countries, producing brass wind instruments, signal instruments, parts, and specilizing in trumpets, trombones, waldhorns, rotary and piston valves.

ABC der deutschen Wirtschaft 1966

In the 'Export Directory of the Blue Book of Europe Ltd of 1972 F.X.Hüller & Co still is listed as delivering trumpets, cornets, trombones, tenor horns and signal horns.

ad 1972

Ernst Modl at 80

On the Drumcorpsplanet forum member 'Hornsup' describes the factory. He went there as a representant of Smith Music Sales, for whom Modl produced bugles. He visited the factory in 1972 and describes it like this: "The factory was essentially an assembly plant, with most components from other suppliers. The bells were spun in a bell-only factory in Gerhardsried (this must be Geretsried, ed.), right across town from Meinl-Weston (Hornsup also visited Meinl-Weston. It's some three hours drive from Diespeck,ed.). Valve clusters and miscellaneous hardware were also sourced out, although the rotary valves were fabricated onsite. They had a crude drawbench, and could bend up all these components and then hold them together with baling wire while they soldered in a few random braces. The none-too-great chromeplating was done in Nürnburg, but to keep things American the cases were manufactured in good old Elkhorn Wisconsin. I was supposed to go to the factory in 1969 to do some QC (quality control) and product development of a flügel model, but Uncle Sam had other ideas. ... Nobody in the factory had ANY idea of how these instruments were being deployed..... Tony (DeMarco, by then owner of Smith Music Sales, ed.) sent me to the factory for six weeks in the spring of 1972, to do QC and product development. But I realized the first time I walked through that facility that my assignment was hopeless. The facilities, the knowledge, and the craftsmanship just weren't there. I developed a set of prototypes, which were finished and shown at DCA (Drum Corps Associates) that year. But it was too late, Herr Mödl passed away a month later and the factory closed."

Ernst Modl

Adrienne Valter in 2012

After Ernst Modl dies on September 9th 1972, his daughter Adrienne Valter (12.10.1920 † 23.05.2017) closes the factory in 1973 (50-60 craftsman by then).

Ernst Modl pictured in the bell of a trumpet at the age of 79, picture: Harald J. Munzinger

The workmaster from Modl, Andreas Schmidt would have gladly taken over after his death. But it was too much financially and then he started his own workshop under the name Schmidtco at Schleifmühlstrasse 57, Diespeck and took over several lathes from Emo. Schmidt also maintained the signal horn business for the Belgian military.

The factory buildings then housed a forwarding company for a long time, then it was empty and terrain and buildings became wild. Since 2018 there is a retirement and nursing home, the Martin Luther House of Diakonia, and a building with service apartments on the premises.

From 1973 Franz Riedl and his wife Ingeborg take over the part of the Emo mutes (Dämpfer)under the company name Ingeborg Riedl in their house in the Waldstrasse 8 in Diespeck. Where the mutes previously were made of pressboard, today they are molded from plastic. The Emo mutes were initially molded by the company Heinrich Schneider in Neustadt, after their dissolution by the company HBW, now Gubesch Group, in Emskirchen.

The trombone mutes no. 2 and 4 are still made from pressboard today. The aluminum dampers come since at least the mid-1970s from a metal pressing in Wendelstein. Petra Hieronymus, daughter of Franz and Ingeborg Riedl and her husband George then gradually took over the forwarding of the mutes from her parents and relocated to their house in the Schleifmühlstrasse 45 in Diespeck. To them the mutes are a sideline.

Emo mutes in todays GEWA catalog

The Emo mutes are sold almost exclusively to the wholesalers GEWA, Stölzel and Thomann, whereby Fa. Stölzel receives all mutes without EMO label and adds their own label to them. GEWA gets the aluminum mutes without an EMO label.

Ernst Modl brass instruments

Ernst Modl started in 1951 with the production of signal horns. The production of rotary valves was added and he picked up the production of bugles, trumpets (piston valves and a few with (top action) rotary valves). Also a few cornets, several slide trombones, a valve trombone and some mellophones are known and then euphoniums are mentioned (but I haven't seen any pictures of them). Throughout his career in Germany Modl used the model names that we know from his time at F.X. Hüller & Co: Professional, Champion and World, with the extensions Super, De Luxe, De Luxe Color and an incidental Standard, Ideal.... As far as I can see now, the signal horns, trombones and rotary valve instruments have no serial numbers. The others have, the Emo branded as well as the stencils he made for companies like Ludwig, Smith Music Sales, Buffet Crampon and Rudy Mück. In the serial number list at the bottom of this page I have listed them. The serial numbers I found so far (some 180, including the stencils) reach from 2 till 8125, with one outlier at 12750.

Signal horns

Signalhorns come in different sizes, used by cyclists, fire brigade, train people, hunting and as a foghorn. Other than trumpets they have a harmonica like reed that makes the sound.

Emo small signal horn, 10,15 cm long and sounds like a harmonica, source Ebay.com 2017

And another one, slightly different, 11 cm long

Emo signal horn, 28,5 cm long and sounds like a harmonica, source Ebay.de 2019

Emo signal horn, 33 cm long, used at SBB?, source Ricardo.ch 2023

Emo signal horn, 45 cm long, used at the Reichsbahn, source Ebay.de 2019

Bugles

There are a few Emo bugles, all with one valve, presumably from Bb to Eb. As they all seem to have hexagonal valve caps, I guess they are from the early years.

Emo signal horn, dating before 1965

Emo bugle converted to a lamp....

Emo bugle, source Horn-u-copia.net

Emo trumpets

The typical Emo trumpet can be recognized by it's spherical waterkeys, the baluster style bracing and the sloping valve caps and "Selmer' style arched valve stem buttons. The World models have these 'Olds' style valve casings and bottoms.

'Emo' waterkey
'Emo' valve caps and buttons
'Emo' baluster bracing
'Emo' valve casings

But on a closer look there is more variation, partly because for the early instruments standard parts were used.

Emo Professional

The first few Professional trumpets have the octagonal valve caps and bottoms that are also found on Keilwerth and Wohlrab trumpets. After that they have round caps and bottoms. Then the typical baluster braces also pop up. The waterkey is a traditional one, and stays the same over the years. After finding it's form in the early years the Professional model hasn't changed.

Emo Professional, octagonal valve caps, traditional braces, valve numbers 1,2,3

Emo Professional, octagonal valve caps, serial number 4(?), valve numbers 1,2,3, traditional braces

Emo Professional serial number 2, round valve caps

Emo Professional Bb and C, serial number not known, spin with typical baluster

Emo Professional Bb and C, serial number 46

Emo Professional, serial number 4933, baluster and traditional brace

Emo Professional serial number 8103

Emo Champion

The Emo Champion trumpets all have normal waterkeys, no 'Emo' keys. Between 454 and 747 they get underslung waterkeys, then again normal waterkeys. Somewhere between 2506 and 2676 the valve buttons change from 'Emo' style to 'normal'. The bracings vary but the brace in the main tuning slide mostly is 'Emo'. Most of them have a forwarded position of the valve block ('balanced').

Emo Champion, serial number 18

Emo Champion, serial number 32, different engraving on bell

Emo Champion, serial number 509, underslung waterkey, braces in different styles, hexagonal valve buttons

Emo Champion, serial number 2676, different engraving on bell, underslung waterkey

Emo Champion, serial number 5681, underslung waterkey

Here is an Emo Champion that has an extra loop - to make the instrument shorter I guess.

Emo Champion, serial number 157, extra loop, source: willhaben.at

Emo Champion Super

The Emo Champion Super all have the typical 'Emo' waterkeys and valve buttons. There's a little variation in the finger hoooks.

Emo Champion Super, serial number 632, different finger hook, 'Emo' waterkeys and valve buttons

Emo Champion Super, serial number 8125, 'Emo' waterkeys and valve buttons

Emo Champion Color

So far I know of one Emo Champion Color, it was offered for sale on Ebay in 2024. It has a colored valve block and tuning slides. It has serial number 100, so a pretty low one.

Emo Champion Color, serial number 100, valve numbers 1,2,3

What's remarkable is that there's an Emo Professional with the same serial number, with a different valve block, which suggests that these are from different suppliers.

Valve blocks of two Emo trumpets with the same serial number, left the Emo Professional, right the Emo Champion Color.

Emo World

The Emo World trumpets have a pretty constant shape, with all the known Emo features, including the 'Olds' style valve casings. Most of them have a forwarded position of the valve block ('balanced').

Emo World, serial number 563, balanced

Emo World, serial number 1933

Emo World, serial number 7688

Emo World, serial number 12750, Bauerfeind valve block. The only Emo with a 5-digit serial number.

Emo World de Luxe

Emo World de Luxe have all the typical Emo features. From a certain point they also have a patented third valve slide hook. This patent from Modl dates from July 18th 1956.

Emo World de Luxe, serial number 1433

Emo World de Luxe, serial number 3865, and the third valve slide hook

Emo World De Luxe Color

There's also a multicolored World de Luxe, the World de Luxe Color. So far only in low serial numbers (81-576), like the Emo Champion Color.

Emo World de Luxe color, serial number 81

Emo Standard

An Emo Standard with serial number 492, with F.X.Hüller & Co engraved on the bell was sold in an auction in Stockholm in 2019. This Emo Standard is very much identical to the Emo Professional model. A similar one, with serial number 155, was obtained around 1970 by Magnus Anderson who was living in Stockholm as well. And a third Emo Standard with number 319 was sold in December 2020 from Karlshamm through a Swedish auction site. And a fourth one (no serial known) was also listed by a Stockholm based seller. All four have F.X.Hüller & Co on their bell. That would make you guess that Modl used this model name for the Swedish market. After the war Modl used the F.X. Hüller name for his company until the end but he didn't use it on his trumpets, except for these ones. It's also found on the trumpet Louis Armstrong got with serial number 2503 but that one got a special inscription with Armstrongs name on it as well.

Emo Standard, F.X.Hüller & Co, serial number 492

Elite

This trumpet branded Elite has F.X. Hüller & Co on the bell, in a similar engraving style as the Standard ones above. It has a much higher serial number, 3778. The details like pink and third slide hook fit in the Emo pattern.

F.X.Hüller & Co Elite trumpet, serial number 3778

Emo Harmony

And then there is (so far only) one example of an Emo Harmony, sold in 2021 from Massachusetts, US. The serial number 4596 dates it around 1960. In its details it is identical to the Emo Champion.

Emo Harmony serial number 4596

Emo

Another rare bird is this Emo trumpet without a model name, offered for sale on Kleinanzeigen.de in 2023. It has SP- SV Property inscribed on the bell as well as 4 May 1956. The seller states that it has been US Army property for a long time. After the war the US Army had a lot of bands and piper and bugle corpses in Germany, I haven's been able to find out yet what SP SV stands for but it's very well possible that Modl provided them instruments.

Emo trumpet, 4 May 1956 SP SV Property, source Kleinzanzeigen.de 2023

Other Emo brass instruments

Trombones

There are Emo tenor trombones Champion model and there are also World models around. The slide trombones seem to have no serial number, apart from one with an 18 on the mouthpiece reciever.

Emo Champion trombone, no serial number.

Emo Champion valve trombone, serial number 172

Emo World trombone, source Lot-tissimo.com 2017

One Emo De Luxe tenor trombone was offered on a Swiss auction site in 2023.

Emo De Luxe trombone, source Ricardo.ch 2023

And here's an Emo Champion alto trombone in Eb

Emo Champion alto trombonem, source: Yorkmaster.org

Cornet

There are some Emo cornets around but not many. Here's a World:

Emo World cornet

Emo cornet

And here's a Champion cornet:

Emo Champion cornet, serial number 5645, coll.: Gerard Westerhof

Flugelhorn

A rotary valve flugelhorn, no model name known.

Emo flugelhorn in Bb, source Yorkmaster

There is one piston valve flugelhorn model Champion known. A low serial number so maybe Modl stopped pretty soon producing them.

Emo Champion flugelhorn, serial number 179

Emo Champion flugelhorn, serial number 268, mouthpipe renewed

And another one, no model name known but also with baluster type braces.

Emo flugelhorn, source Horn-u-copia.net

Bass trumpet

An Emo Champion bass trumpet popped up in a music store in Carmichael, California and was sold to Chicago. According to the seller it is a .480 bore, small shank trombone receiver, and the rotor drops it like a F attachment/4th piston would. The ring finger trigger operates a main tuning slide. Water keys have been replaced. It has a low serial number, 59 so probably it's another type of instrument that Modl tried and then gave up.

Emo Champion bass trumpet, serial number 59, source reverb.com

Mellophone

Modl also made mellophones in Eb with rotary valves. The two below have slight diferrences.

Emo mellophone in Eb, source Yorkmaster

Emo mellophone in Eb, source 2dehands.be

Rotary valve trumpet

Although there are several rotary-valve-related inventions under Ernst Modls patents, I only found two examples of an Emo rotary valve trumpet so far. Both seem to have his ball-and-socket invention on board.

Emo rotary valve trumpet, no serial number, source: Catawiki

Emo rotary valve trumpet, no serial number, with plastic valve caps, source Ebay.de

Top action rotary valve trumpet

Modl also made a few top action rotary valve trumpets in various pitches, Eb, Bb and C.

Emo World, Eb trumpet, coll. Phil Holcomb, Florida
Emo World Rotary, Bb trumpet, coll.: Gerard Westerhof
'Emo', C trumpet, coll.: University of Ottawa School of Music.

More about these at the Top action rotary valve trumpets page of Brasspedia.

Mouthpieces

Modl also sold mouthpieces with his imprint. They have a caracteristic form, that's also found with the Hablowetz mouthpieces of mouthpiece maker Bruno Tilz, also from Neustadt a/d Aisch. Tilz started his workshop in 1971, after he worked for twenty years for Josef Hablowetz. So I guess it's not a wild guess to think that Hablowetz/Tilz was making the Emo ones as well.

Emo nr. 1 trumpet mouthpiece
Emo nr. 2 trumpet mouthpiece
Meister Hablowetz LG2 trumpet mouthpiece
Emo trombone mouthpiece
Emo trombone mouthpiece

But there's also this different mouthpiece, also an Emo 2, with a gold-plated rim and another similar one.

Emo nr. 2 trumpet mouthpiece

Stencils

Like F.X.Hüller & Co, Bohland & Fuchs and other musical instrument makers in Graslitz, Czechslovakia and like Julius Keilwerth, Wohlrab and other brass instrument makers in post WWII West-Germany Ernst Modl was active in the production of stencils, instruments bearing another name than his own Emo brand. There is a lot of fuss about the relation between Ernst Modl and brands like Buffet-Crampon, Rudy Mück, Monke, DEG and others. As far as I know Modl made bugles and trumpets for others. But those others sourced their instruments from other suppliers as well, maybe not at the same time. That and the fact that Modl and other makers used parts from different suppliers makes it very difficult to draw lines. What adds to the confusion is that Modl copied a lot of 'Selmer' into his trumpet design. Comparing design and details is one way to connect instruments to a maker. The other line is by looking at the serial numbers. The serial numbers of Emo instruments form a consistent line from 2 till 8000. The presumed stencils have serials that fit in that range nicely. These brands also have serials in totally different ranges, as well as serials that would fit but are from instruments of a different (pre-war) period. So far I collected some 160 serial numbers from Emo and 'related' stencil instruments. I don't have pictures of all of them. And the ones I have pictures of, not always are identical to an Emo instrument. My hypothesis for now is that when it looks like an Emo and it fits in the serial number list, it is made by Modl.

Stencil bugles

Bugles were not new to Modl, after all these were among the last instruments produced before the wartime closure. The first bugles he made were made as stencils for the Ludwig Drum Co in Chicago, USA. These bugles were used in the American Drum and Bugle corpses. These had strict rules as to which tuning and valves are legit. Bugles are traditionally tuned in G, presumably because that pitch was the loudest to use in the military. The first valved bugles added a D, for which William Ludwig is credited. In 1953 a second (piston operated) rotary valve was legitimated. In 1968, Drum Corpses went from approving the G-D bugle to approving the G-F bugle. Here's a link to the history of Drum & Bugle Corps. And here's a link to the evolution of the bugle in the US.

Ludwig

Ludwig double valve bariton bugle

Here's a Ludwig double valve bariton bugle. The owner said about this horn on Drumcorpsplanetforum: "This horn was marketed by Ludwig about 1961, and was manufactured by F.X. Hüller in Neustadt-on-Aisch, West Germany. Besides this baritone, there were bass-baritone, french horn, and soprano models. Some received a 'Peate' stencil and were sold in the Quebec area. Hüller later became infamous for producing the Smith Music Sales bugles. The piston-operated rotary valve was novel, but flawed in its design and prone to jam. Note the stop rod assembly on the rotor slide. In theory, it could be configured either in F# or F. But this is physically impossible, so the half-step tuning was too flat and the whole-step tuning was too sharp. The location of the rotary in these models, immediately after a short leadpipe, was an acoustical abberation. This series of horns was probably the worst instruments that the bugle activity has seen. Although there have been a few other serious challengers for that honor." It looks like Ernst Modl has tried to improve the bugle as well....

Ludwig double valve baritone bugle, serial number 1xx, patent pending, Germany

This is a Ludwig baritone bugle in G. The seller, btrains25 on Ebay: "This instrument was built in the 1960s for Ludwig by Emo. It has two pistons, both thumb actuated, one of which is connected to a rotor on the leadpipe. The real piston drops the horn to the key of D, while the piston actuated rotor is attached to a slide with an extra long tuning slide and stopper which approximates either the key of F (pulled out), or F# (pushed in). This was one of the first designs of bugles which integrated the newly (1953) legalized rotary valve. Rotors in the leadpipe were phased out for rotors in the tuning slide. This particular voice was known in catalogs at the time as a 'Baro-tone'.

Ludwig single valve baritone in G, made in Germany

Here's a Ludwig single valve bugle in G made in Germany. It has serial number 652 and was used by the USMC, United States Marine Corps. In the serial number list below I only incorporated the Ludwig bugles that have a serial number that fits into the Modl list. Which doesn't proe they were all made by Modl. There are a lot of Ludwig bugles with 5-digit serials that for sure are not Modl made.

Waterloo Music Company

Waterloo Champion G-D soprano bugle, serial number 666, bought in Canada, coll.: Brian Hamel

Here's a G-D soprano Bugle with a rotor that lowers the pitch by a half step built by Modl and stencilled Waterloo Music Company. The Waterloo Music Company was a Canadian music publishing and musical instrument retailing firm that was founded in 1921 by Charles F. Thiele (1884-1954) in Waterloo, Ontario. On the Trumpetherald forum James Becker comments on this one: "It appears there to me there are two slides, one on the piston loop and the rotor assembly is a removable tuning slide. The combination of G, F#, D was transitional. The addition of a single piston to the G bugle came first and was a D. However with the introduction of the 1/2 step F# rotor the piston loop was reduced to a whole step F. This combination allows for the greatest number of scales leaving out the 1-3 or 2-3 trumpet fingering equivalents. Written Ab above the staff can be played with the piston sounding flat which is why later two piston designs have a spring loaded 1st slide to raise this note."

The valve caps and button are Emo, the valve is similar to the one in the Emo tarv trumpet, and based on a Modl patent.

Left: another Waterloo Champion, sold from Calgary, Canada.

Waterloo Champion G-D soprano bugle, source: Horn-u-copia.net forum

To the right is another G-D soprano bugle built ca. 1961 by Modl. The rotary valve is a too-long half step that can be pulled to a too-short whole step.

Smith Music Sales

Smith Music Sales in Chicago was set up by Glen C. Smith. At the Drumcorpsplanet-forum members 'Scooter Pirtle' and 'HornsUp' (who worked at Modl in West Germany for a while, developing G bugle prototypes) described the history of the Smith company and the relation with Modl which I quote in it's entirety: "Glenn C. Smith initially worked with the Austin Grenadiers of Chicago during the 50s and gained notoriety as their DM. Then for a while he somehow became the bandmaster at a Catholic boys HS. He started a business to contract bugle fabrication through other firms (initially through T.J. Getzen) that resulted in the 'Smith Music Sales' badging that can be encountered on a wide array of valve/rotor bugles. He was in the bugle sales business at least by 1959 when he brought his mobile shop to the AL Nationals. He took this operation to Miami for '61 VFW with two employees: Bob Spevacek former director and music man for the Madison Scouts, and national champion snaredrummer Tony DeMarco. Smith had a storefront on W. Fullerton Avenue for several years, then moved to one in Mount Prospect.

Smith Music Sales double valved baritone bugle, serial number 227

This double valved baritone bugle belonged to a Boy Scout troop leader back in the 1960's

Smith Music Sales single valve bugle, serial number 510

Smith Music Sales eventually became a large dealer that boasted of international accounts and sales to 3,000 drum and bugle corps. A letter from Smith indicates his company eventually purchased the Holton/Ludwig bugle line and Bill Ludwig declared Smith Music Sales as the 'largest parade drum dealer in Ludwig history'. He was the major source of Getzen bugles, while Tru Crawford set up shop across town and pushed the Holton-built Ludwig Classic line. At the same time (during the 50s), Smith began putting his shield on bugles manufactured in Neustadt-on-Aisch, West Germany (and possibly other Euro-based fabricators). The factory was owned by Ernst Modl, who had one of the many brass instrument factories in prewar Germany (not correct: Graslitz was in Czechslovakia, ed.). It had been re-established after WWII through the Marshall Plan.

Modl had previously built stencil bugles for Ludwig - the notorious "double-piston" models, around 1961. They had a crude drawbench, and could bend up all the components and then hold them together with baling wire while they soldered in a few random braces. The none-too-great chromeplating was done in Nürnburg, but to keep things American the cases were manufactured in good old Elkhorn Wisconsin. Smith also sold some front-carried euphoniums as early as 1964, that they were made Emo. I ("Hornsup') was supposed to go to the factory in 1969 to do some quality control and product development of a flugel model, but Uncle Sam had other ideas. While all this was going on, Holton and Ludwig both decided to get out of the bugle business. With a personal loan from Bill Ludwig Jr., Smith bought the remaining inventory of about 1000 Classic Sopranos.

Below is a picture of the baritone and french horn buglers from the Racine (Wisconsin) YMCA Kilties Drum and Bugle Corps in 1967. They were the first to use the new G - F bugles from Smith Music Sales. This picture was used in Smiths advertisements during the fall of 1967 and much of 1968. It has to be confirmed that these were Emo made.

Racine Kilties Drum and Bugle Corps 1967, source: George Fennel, We winna be dauntit.

The legalization of the G-F bugle (in 1968 ed.) had lured Olds into the business. With a superior product, they soon dominated the market. So Glenn Smith sold his business, a pig in a poke, to former employee Tony DeMarco. Tony sent me ('Hornsup') to the Emo factory for six weeks in the spring of 1972, to do quality control and product development. But I realized the first time I walked through that facility that my assignment was hopeless. The facilities, the knowledge, and the craftsmanship just weren't there. Nobody in the factory had ANY idea of how these instruments were being deployed. I developed a set of prototypes, which were finished and shown at Drum Corps Associates championship that year. But it was too late, Herr Modl passed away a month later and the factory closed. Tony DeMarco had other successful business interests and didn't continue as Smithco. Glenn Smith did enter the Catholic priesthood."

Tubenet-forum member 'aqualung' recalls that in the mid-sixties Smith Music Sales came with a contrabass bugle, made by Emo. "They were made with 4/4 BBb tuba bodies, but still at baritone bore." The contrabass bugle was legalized for the 1962 season.

According to 'Scooter Pirtle', Smith has suggested that he was responsible for the creation of the French horn bugle, a small bore soprano he called the 'Angel horn', the flugelhorn, the bass baritone, a double sized contrabass, and the mellophone. He contended he did this design work with the help of Bob Spevacek, John Gates, Bill Scarlett, and even Arnold Jacobs.

Smith Music Sales Company 2 valve French horn G bugle, serial unknowm, Emo bracing

Here's another Smith Music Sales bugle with one piston and one rotary valve in the form of a French horn. It has serial number 754 and all the Emo details like braces, valve cap and button, and the rotary valve. It was owned by the Loveland Cavaliers from Loveland Ohio.

Smith Music Sales Company 1 valve French horn bugle, serial 754, source: Reverb.com 2021

Here's another French horn/Mellophone with rotary and piston valve, serial number 390. Although it's not branded Smith Music Sales but has 'NMS' engraved, it's obviously the same make.

NMS french horn/mellophone, serial nr. 390, sold from Milton Delaware, source FB 2024

Stencil trumpets

There are trumpets of different brands that are attributed to Modl. Certain Buffet-Crampon, Evette & Schaeffer instruments and Rudy Mück (the 4M and 7M series) are looking very similar to the EMO World. DEG Ranger II, Wilhelm Monke and even a Schenkelaars are also linked to Modl, it's also suggested that Monke was the one who made the Buffets and Mücks. I don't think he did.

My global hypothesis is that Buffet-Crampon and Rudy Muck trumpets from the 4M and 7M series (and also the 2M and 5M series) were produced/assembled by Modl, at least those with with three to four digit serial numbers. The five and six digit Buffet's, Evette & Schaeffers and Rudy Mücks, looking very similar to the four digit ones, were possible made by another (German) maker, maybe Böhm & Meinl. In addition to the exterior similarities, I find support for this hypothesis in the overview of serial numbers below. It turns out that (so far) all these presumed Modl stencils (except the above mentioned 5/6 digit instruments) fit nicely in one serial number list, as do the bugles. I hope that new entries can falsify or support this hypothesis, so if you have an instrument of one of the brands below, please provide me with a serial number and pictures at info@brasspedia.com!

Buffet-Crampon/Evette & Schaeffer

Buffet-Crampon was a maker of woodwind instruments, most famous for their clarinets. The French instrument maker Denis Buffet Auger set up his workshop in the heart of Paris, at 20 Passage du Grand Cerf in 1825. In 1836 Jean-Louis Buffet, Denis' son, married Zoe Crampon in 1836 and created the famous Buffet-Crampon brand name. In 1885 the company is headed by Paul Evette and Ernest Schaeffer. Buffet-Crampon and Evette & Schaeffer were both used as brands. In 1908 Buffet began exporting instruments to the US. In 1918 Buffet began marketing their premium line instruments under their own name, while marketing lower grade instruments variously under the Evette & Schaeffer and Evette brands. During the 1930s Buffet began outsourcing Evette & Schaeffer instruments to other manufacturers.

Buffet-Crampon made some brass instruments around 1895, discontinued it later and are believed not to have made brass instruments again until the acquisition of Courtois and Besson in 2006. The Buffet brass instruments were made for the American market where Carl Fischer in 1910 had acquired the importation rights for Buffet-Crampon woodwinds. Carl Fischer was Buffet agent till the late sixties. In 1940 the Carl Fischer company acquired the York Band Instrument Company for $300,000. In 1957 they still owned it. In 1950-1951 Carl Fischer also purchased a controlling share in Rudy Mück.

There is a hear say statement of Zig Kanstul, saying that Buffet-Crampon made trumpets themselves, but I haven't found any eyewitnesses. The Emo-like Buffet-Crampon trumpets have serial numbers ranging from 29 till 5000 and in the 600.000 -700.000 range. The Evette & Schaeffer trumpets also have 4 digit numbers and (mostly) serial numbers in this last range. Some of them have Germany or W-Germany on the reciever. The four digit numbers nicely fit in the Modl serial list. My hypothesis for now is that these are Emo build trumpets and that the 6 digit numbers came from another German producer, maybe Böhm & Meinl (looking at the valve block). What's interesting is that one of the Evette & Schaeffer 6 digit trumpets was sold on 6-9-1971. Which means that it was made within the time frame of Modl's activities.

Anecdotal 'evidence' for the Buffet's being Emo's is provided by Trumpetherald member seouljourner: "I have one (Emo) with no serial number and 'normal' water keys. It has a medium bore (0.450") and a 4 3/4" bell. It is a balanced trumpet like the Selmers. I have never tried a Selmer so I cannot compare. I do however, have a Buffet Crampon balanced model and the 2 play very similarly, in fact the slides are interchangeable so I believe they are made by the same manufacturer."

Comparing an Emo World with a Buffet-Crampon.

Buffet-Crampon serial number 701
Emo World serial number 81x

Buffet Crampon in 1981 becomes part of the Boosey & Hawkes group. They buy the Courtois and Besson brands in 2006 and in 2012 become the Buffet group.

The Buffet-Crampon trumpets.

Buffet-Crampon serial number 29
Buffet-Crampon serial number 268
Buffet-Crampon serial number 360
Buffet-Crampon cornet, serial number 455
Buffet-Crampon 5-A serial number 698
Buffet-Crampon serial number 701
Buffet-Crampon serial number 764
Buffet-Crampon serial number 942
Buffet-Crampon serial number 1645
Buffet-Crampon Paris serial number 4458, finger buttons not original, 3rd slide trigger replaced
Buffet-Crampon serial number 4732
Buffet-Crampon serial number 4988
Buffet-Crampon serial number 5484

And the Buffet-Crampon trumpets with higher serials numbers from another maker.

Buffet-Crampon serial number 70582 model Professional
Buffet serial number 682236 model American

Rudy Mück

Some Rudy Mück trumpets are quoted as '(maybe) made by EMO/Ernst Modl'. This is particulary true for the 4M and 7M models that look very similar to the Emo World. Rudy Mück jr. (1909-1959) was a trumpetmaker and also famous for his cushion rim mouthpieces, introduced in 1933. There's an extensive Rudy Mück history on the Brasshistory site of Jon Patton, most of it gathered together by Fred Cirksena. The Muck family owned a large music store. Rudy Muck Sr. and Jr. were both trumpet players. They began producing trumpets and cornets some time before WWII. In 1950-1951 Carl Fischer purchased a controlling share in Rudy Mück. On the Trumpet Herald forum Heavyweight member stated in 2018: "Some of the Rudy Mück horns were made by Böhm & Meinl in West Germany. I think that was after Carl Fischer Music of New York City purchased the rights to the name." According to Bill Barnes on the same forum, the name was owned later by Mike Fiore in NYC who had his own repair shop. Mike had worked for Rudy Mück for a long time and he owned the Rudy Mück name after the last of the involved Mücks passed on. Fiore retired in the seventies. Barnes: "The name was pirated by a European company who made low priced "Rudy Muck" trumpets, perhaps some time in the 1960's. I think that included the balanced models. I have seen all sorts of weird Rudy Muck trumpets, some good and some not so good, so I think the name was used by several different foreign manufacturers."

The Rudy Muck 4M and 7M models look very similar to the Emo World. I'll try to make a case also for the 2M serie that in my opinion is pretty similar to the Emo Professional and Emo Champion model. The 5M is a bit different. The earliest Emo lookalike however is a Rudy Mück Academy Super (serial number 810) followed by a Rudy Muck Citation (serial number 1050). And there is one difference between Rudy Mück and Emo, all (?) the Mück's have a main tuning slide stop rod, no Emo has that. That is, there is one Emo so far that has one.

The Rudy Mück M series 4 digit serial numbers fit in the Ernst Modl serial number list. And, what's important to notice, so far I didn't find any duplications with Emo trumpet numbers. Which might be an indication - at least - that they indeed come from the same source. On the other hand, after WWII there were a lot of instrument makers expelled from the Czech city of Graslitz that restarted in Germany with new serial numbers.. The M models were (all) marketed by Dallas London, the European company Barnes accuses of 'pirating', and they have often 'Foreign' engraved which implies that they were sold in the UK but were indeed sourced from abroad. There are other lines of Rudy Mück trumpets that have four digit numbers; at least part of them date from before WWII. And there are 2M, 4M, 5M and 7M model instruments that have much higher numbers, in the 600.000 region.... These might be the Böhm and Meinl ones?

The Rudy Mück 4M and 7M have valve caps and waterkeys like the Emo World. The difference between the 4M and the 7M are the brace in the main tuning slide and the third valve slide operating mechanism that the 4M has not. This mechanism is also found on the Emo World de Luxe.

Emo World serial number 1933
Emo World de Luxe serial number 3865

Rudy Mück 4M, serial number 1122
Rudy Mück 4M, serial number 1210
Rudy Mück 4M, serial number 1592
Rudy Mück 4M, serial number 3337
Rudy Mück 4M, serial number 3485

Rudy Mück 7M, serial number 1997
Rudy Mück 7M, serial number 2772
Rudy Mück 7M, serial number 2798
Rudy Mück 7M, serial number 2860
Rudy Mück 7M, serial number 3xx6
Rudy Mück 7M, serial number 35xx

As to the similarities between the Rudy Mück 2M and the Emo Professional, here's some evidence.

Rudy Mück 2M, serial number 323x
Emo Professional, serial number 5876

These two trumpets above are identical, apart from, again, the stop rod and the pinky ring.

Emo Professional serial number 30, bought in the early sixties. 'Emo' valve caps and buttons
Emo Professional serial number 547

The Rudy Mück 2M is the very basic model, the 5M has a brace in the main tuning slide that doesn't look like Emo.

Rudy Mück 2M, serial number 323x
Rudy Mück 5M, serial number 2588

The higher (600.000 up) numbers look a lot like the 4 digit instruments but they must come form another source. Probably Bohm & Meinl, as the valve rings on the 4m model are identical to those on Bohm & Meinl trumpets. The 7m look a lot like the BM Symphonic (with similar serial numbers) that Bohm & Meinl made.

Rudy Mück 5M, serial number 612182
Rudy Mück 7M, serial number 622787 bought new in `1960

The Rudy Mück 2m and 4m with 4 digit serials have the same valves as the Emo Champion, the 6 digit ones valves are identical to Böhm en Meinl. (to be illustrated)

Böhm & Meinl, B&M Symphonic

There are some B&M Symphonic trumpets that look like the Buffet Crampon/Evette &Schaeffer instruments, that look like Emo World copies. Böhm and Meinl are mentioned as potential makers of those Buffet and Evette trumpets, sold through Carl Fisher, and also as makers of some Rudy Mück trumpets.

B&M Symphonic, serial number 712102
B&M Symphonic with serial number 075354(?)

The merchants Wilhelm Böhm and Andreas Meinl founded Böhm & Meinl GmbH on November 1, 1946 (on other places November 1, 1948) in Geretsried, Bavaria. They both were, like Ernst Modl, expelled from Graslitz, Sudetenland. Wilhelm came on 4-4-1946 with his wife and two brothers with one of the first trains. He was 41 by then and had NSDAP behind his name. Meinl, listed as a 42 years old bookkeeper, came with his wife and three children by train on 12-06-1946. The company history was described in 2017 in a local newspaper based on a publication of the Arbeitskreis Historisches Geretsried. Wilhelm Böhm was a retail and wholesale merchant for music supplies. His partner Andreas Meinl had worked his way up from apprentice to general manager at the A. K. Hüttl company in Graslitz. He was very familiar with the manufacture and sale of high-quality brass instruments. They found trained brass instrument makers from the Graslitz area as employees, who had also ended up in Geretsried as expellees. The money for this comes from the State Agency for Development Financing. The first company headquarters was in a garage on what is now Graslitzer Strasse (formerly Kolbenheyerstrasse). The pillars of the company were the trade in music and the repair of brass instruments. These were soon made as well. The garage was bursting at the seams, so the two men rented a former bunker on St.-Hubertus-Strasse. Meinl refreshed business relationships with old customers of his company in Graslitz; demand was particularly high in the USA. There was no shortage of workers: many people from Graslitz were happy to be able to work in their old profession. At the beginning of the 1950s, Böhm & Meinl already employed almost two dozen people. The musical instrument factory developed so quickly that the premises on St.-Hubertus-Strasse soon became too small. In 1953 the company moved to a bunker on the Isardamm. The company stayed there for more than five decades. The demand for brass instruments rose sharply in the years that followed, and Böhm & Meinl developed into a powerful company.

Demolition of the Isardamm bunker, former location of Böhm & Meinl in 2016

The main customers at that time came from the USA. Up to 600 instruments were manufactured and shipped overseas each month. At that time, the export share was over 80 percent of the total production. The number of employees reached its highest level in these years and was almost 100 employees. One of those customers was the Carl Fischer company in New York. Fischer acquired the York factory in 1940. Böhm & Meinl started making tubas for Carl Fischer to market under the York label in the 1950s-60s, the York Master. It is unclear how much production help Fischer gave to them in the development of these instruments. They also made stencil horns based on Fred Marzans 1968 designs in addition to selling under their own name. The company founders ran their company for almost three decades. Wilhelm Böhm died in January 1976, the Böhm community of heirs withdrew from the company and Andreas Meinl passed his share on to his sons Gerhard and Wolfgang Meinl. Both were partners in the company from January 1977.

The US export boom ended when the dollar fell against the D-Mark. Strong competition from Taiwan also contributed to a noticeable decline in US business. But: new customers were found in Europe and Japan, so that the overall production remained at the same level. Folk music in the Oberkrainer style set new standards. 30 Oberkrainer baritones were already sold before they were produced. The demand for sousaphones for military bands from all over the world also increased sharply. In 1983, Böhm & Meinl delivered over 130 sousaphones and other bell-front instruments to Chile alone. The chapter of the musical instrument factory Böhm & Meinl was closed in 1992. As there was no suitable successor, the production was bought by Walter Nirschl of the Geretsried company B&M-Symphonic. Production continued in the Böhm & Meinl company building until the end of 1996. In 1997, Nirschl relocated the company's headquarters to the Buchenweg, and in 2007 it moved to the Geltinger industrial park. Metal wind instruments, mainly tubas, are still manufactured there for worldwide sale.

As to the BM Symphonic, the brand (with the logo showing three trumpets (Schalmeien)), was used long before Nirschl took over, in the sixties already. A BM Symphonic with serial 73219 is dated around 1960. And a BM Symphonic 671688 was dated 'before 1970'. These were not Emo look-alikes. The above Emo look-alikes has serial number 712102, the first Evette look-alikes have numbers in the 68000 range, one of which is dated around 1971.

Carl Fischer, New York

Wrapping up, there are lines from the brands Buffet-Crampon, Evette & Schaeffer and Rudy Mück to the Carl Fischer company. And there are lines from Böhm & Meinl to the Carl Fischer company. The Buffet brass instruments were made for the American market where Carl Fischer in 1910 had acquired the importation rights for Buffet-Crampon woodwinds. In 1940 the Carl Fischer company acquired the York Band Instrument Company for $300,000. In 1957 they still owned it. Carl Fischer was Buffet agent till the late sixties. There's no doubt that Böhm & Meinl made tuba's for Carl Fischer. In 1950-1951 Carl Fischer also purchased a controlling share in Rudy Mück. For now my hypothesis is that the 5 and 6 digit instruments were made for Carl Fischer by Böhm & Meinl (who also had serial numbers for other trumpets up to there), and the four digit ones were produced/assembled by Modl.

Other names that are sometimes connected to Emo

Buffet-Crampon, Evette & Schaeffer and Rudy Mück are the names that are most often connected to Emo and their story is elaborated above. There are some other companies that come along in this context where the connection sometimes is more doubtful. And some could very well be stencils.

Wilhelm Monke

Wilhelm Monke is sometimes suggested as the maker of Modl trumpets. I don't think he was. Wilhelm Monke (1913–1986), son of brass instrument maker Josef Monke, opened his own independent shop in 1945, which sold a variety of instruments until it closed in 1994. He bought ready-made components and used them to build his instruments. He also bought ready instruments and engraved them with his name. It's possible that he bought Modl's instruments, or that he bought the same parts. But I don't think that Monke made Emo instruments. The ones I found so far have different details but look more or less like Modl instruments. The serial number 52 would fit in the Modl list, but the number looks a bit weird. And there's also a Buffet mentioned on Answers.com with the same serial (but without a picture).

Wilhelm Monke
Wilhelm Monke, valve numbers 37, 38, 39
Wilhelm Monke, serial number 52
Wilhelm Monke, serial number 52

Wimo, Wilhelm Monke Köln, no serial number

I also found a Modl like Josef Monke trumpet. So far it's an outlier between the other Josef Monke piston trumpets around.

Josef Monke trumpet, valves numbered 7,8,9.

Here's a bass trumpet by Monke. Waterkeys and braces look like Modl, but for the rest the design is totally different from the Modl bass trumpet.

Wilhelm Monke Basss trumpet, source Ebay.de

Heribert Glassl

A trumpet with only the engraving H. Glassl Rüsselshein Königstadten (a place near Frankfurt) was advertised in 2021 by a seller as being an Emo World. Heribert Glassl is/was a small shop in that place. Heribert himself retired in 2005. It looks very much like an Emo, what's strange is that there is another Emo with the same serial number (180), an Emo Professional.

H.Glassl Rüsselsheim Königstädten, serial number 180

Luxor

Luxor was the brand name of a German group of several music dealers who bought instruments from various manufacturers in the 1970's and 1980's and then sold them under the Luxor brand. Most of the Luxor trumpets that can be found are by Kühnl and Hoyer. This one is identical to an Emo Champion.

Luxor trumpet, serial number 440, identical to Emo Champion

Hug & Co Zürich

Hug & Co in Zürich, Switzerland, is a large musical instrument retailer, originally a sheet music publisher. This trumpet, for sale on Ebay in 2023, looks identical to an Emo World de Luxe.

Hug & Co serial number 3498, bell nr 11156, identical to Emo World de Luxe

Jubilee

This cornet, with serial number 4697, was offered for sale by Brian Robson from Nightingale trumpets in the UK. It has all the Emo details. The last three digits of the serial number are also found on the back of the water keys, a detail that's found on some other Emo trumpets as well. The Jubilee model name is used every now and then. For instance Julius Keilwerth, another German instrument maker, made saxophones and at least one trumpet branded Jubilee in the fifties. Those were sold in Canada.

Jubilee cornet, serial number 4697, coll. John Parker. The last picture shows the serial number on the water keys

DEG

Member CDFHorn on the Horn-U-Copia forum states that Modl made some of the DEG instruments, some Ranger II models and some Caravelle models. The ones he mentions have serial numbers 135 (Caravelle, flugel), 335 (Ranger II, cornet), 701 (Ranger II trumpet) and 2601 (Caravelle, trumpet). Although they have some similarities in details, the serial numbers are far too low to be Modl instruments when you realize that they have to be post 1965. because that's when D.E.G. Music Products Co was started in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin USA, by Donald E. Getzen after he split from the Getzen company in Elkhorn. According to the Getzen company history, Bob Getzen, who had left Getzen in 1959 to start Allied Music, in 1966 started to build piston bugles for the D.E.G. Music Products Company of his brother Donald. As of 1972 Allied Music begins producing a full line of trumpets, cornets, trombones and marching brass instruments for D.E.G. Maybe these DEG instruments originated here, the low serial numbers would fit perfectly.

DEG Ranger II

Schenkelaars

There is a Schenkelaars Champion with similarities to the Emo instruments (waterkeys, baluster, valve caps. And of course the model name). It has a 3 digit serial number (425?). Schenkelaars was a Dutch maker of all kinds of musical instruments, based in Eindhoven. Founded in 1928 by Harry Schenkelaars (11/8/1896- 2/27/1979). They quit in 1988. Champion was not a much used name by Schenkelaars (his labels were Topaz, Prestige, Concorde and later on model numbers) and there's no further evidence.

Schenkelaars Champion

The story about Louis Armstrong playing an Emo

The Emo trumpet has a reputation that it's also been played by famous trumpeter Louis Armstrong (1901-1971). Louis Armstrong played dozens of instruments during his lifetime. Even though he believed you could play a trumpet for a long time, he had the habit of playing his trumpets for approximately five years before he passed them on as a gift to a friend or colleague. As he once said: “I give my horns about five years. Of course I look after them, run hot water through the instrument every night so you know it’s going to percolate.” For quite some time he used to play a Selmer, starting in 1932. (John Chilton's book on Louis Armstrong has a letter from Joe Glaser, his manager, mentioning Louis played a Selmer trumpet serial number 1436 made in 1932.) The Smithsonian Institute in Washington has a 1946 Henri Selmer B-flat custom-made and inscribed trumpet that belonged to Armstrong. On February 22nd, 1946, Armstrong’s manager and close friend, Joe Glaser, wrote to Selmer Instrument Company and asked for a new trumpet custom-made for Armstrong’s use. He stated that Armstrong had been using a Selmer trumpet manufactured in 1932 and wanted 'an exact duplicate'. Selmer agreed and presented him with this inscribed Selmer B-flat trumpet. This personally inscribed trumpet was made only for Armstrong and was not mass produced.

Selmer trumpet given in 1933 by King George V to Louis Armstrong, sr.nr 1022
Louis Armstrong autograph from 1934 for Henri Selmer
The 1946 Henri Selmer B-flat custom-made and inscribed trumpet that belonged to Louis Armstrong
Selmer model 19 from 1948, given to Duke Donin, Oktober 7th 1953, source Christie's.
Selmer model 19 from 1948, given to Duke Donin, Oktober 7th 1953, source Christie's.
Selmer ad from 1950 with Armstrong

Another gold plated Henri Selmer, Paris model 19 balanced action medium bore Trumpet, was made by Selmer in 1948. It's inscribed five years later with ‘DUKE DONIN/from LOUIS “SATCHMO” ARMSTRONG/7/10/53 and was a present to Duke, the eldest son of Abe and Frances Donin, two jazz aficionados whom Armstrong had met in Los Angeles in the 1930s and who became great friends.

A year before this gift, Louis Armstrong toured in Germany, and that's when Ernst Modl gave him one of his Emo trumpets as a present. The Fränkische Landeszeitung in 1971 looked back with Ernst Modl, by then 79 years old and still active in his company, at a time that Armstrong had played his last concert. Modl explained that he first tried to hand it over in the nearby Nuremberg (Nürnberg), but the concert there was cancelled last minute by manager Joe Glaser and Modl had to go home. Then he asked a business friend to try to give it to Armstrong in Frankfurt, 115 miles from Neustadt a/d Aisch.

Poster for the Louis Armstrong concert in Frankfurt 1952, not yet with an Emo

That year Armstrong played twice in Frankfurt. On Oktober 11th 1952 he played there in the Frankfurter Franz Althoff-bau, a venue in the Zoo (as he did again on October 26th 1955). On November 30th 1952 he played in the Kongresshalle with his All Star Group (where he came back on 16-1959 and 6-4-1962).

The owner of the renowned Frankfurter Konzertdirektion C. Ebner, Mrs. Clara Gunderloch, the German agent of Louis Armstrong, had organized concerts of the orchestra in October 1952 in several North Rhine-Westphalian cities, Cologne, Düsseldorf, Essen and Wuppertal. (sidestep: five years later Gunderloch in last resort lost a juridical battle, about a tax reduction on the ticketprice she claimed. Discount or remission of entertainment tax is usually granted when the competent tax authority accepts the 'artistically high' or 'culturally valuable' ratings for an event. Which in this case they didn't.) In 1952 Armstrong also went to the newly opened Jazz Keller in Frankfurt, Europe's number one jazz hangout where he spilled red wine all over his tuxedo, trying to maneuver through the crowd. In Frankurt he was also interviewed for the Armed Forces Radio Services. The Emo trumpet was handed over at his farewell concert, thus the paper, so probably the last concert on November 30th.

The Fränkische Landeszeitung quotes a letter from Armstrong to Modl, seven months after he got the trumpet: "It's something in your trumpet that makes your whole soul feel good and relaxed". Armstrong describes to Modl how he just finished a six week tour with Benny Goodmans Band and his own All Stars (in April/May 1953). All the trumpet players wanted to play the Emo and all were enthousiastic, thus Armstrong. (In an interview in Jazzwax in 2009, trumpeter Al Stewart, who was on this tour with Goodman, describes his version: "Once I asked Louis if I could blow his horn. He said sure. So I did. It wasn't any better or worse than mine [laughs].")

Armstrong asks Modl in the same letter to send him another Emo, for emergency cases. It had to be gold plated, a wish of his manager Joe Glaser, he states. Glaser also had arranged the gold plating of Armstrongs' first Emo, which costed him $118... Armstrong asks Modl in the letter for yet another Emo, that has to be sent to Duke Donin, 4853 Mioland Drive, Los Angeles, the same Duke Donin that earlier got his Selmer, who's 12 or 14 years old by then. Duke Donin passed away in 2018, his Armstrong Selmer made it to Christie's (where it sold for some $275.000). It's unclear what happened to his Emo. The first Emo Armstrong got, was engraved with the Emo logo and the F.X.Hüller Neustadt a/d Aisch name. In his first thank you letter Armstrong did not write to Ernst Modl but to Mr. Hüller because the company was still called that name. Various letters followed, which were translated Modls daughter and also visits in Neustadt a/d Aisch. They had their birthday on the same day, so that created a bond.

His first Emo

The first Emo trumpet that was given to Armstrong has the Emo logo, and a special engraving. It says:

The text on Armstrong's first Emo trumpet

The text on Armstrong's first Emo trumpet, picture through Pula Twala

To the King of Trumpeters

Mr LOUIS ARMSTRONG

dedicated from

F.X. HÜLLER & Co.

Brass Instrument Manufacturers

NEUSTADT/AISCH

and

Music Store SOLDAN NURNBERG

As said, 'Nürnberg' was the place where Modl intended to give the instrument to Armstrong. Music store Soldan (Musikhaus W. & L. Soldan) maybe sponsored the gift or was the ticket for Modl to get to Armstrong. Musikhaus Soldan was in 1929 re-registered as trading things like radios, gramophones, Odeon, Parlophon and Columbia records.

L. Soldan was Luise Hensolt - Soldan, who was next to being owner of the music store well known as concert agent in Nuremberg. (In a book Kultur in Nürnberg 1945 - 1950 she is presented as 'the concert promoter who essentially determined Nuremberg's musical life' and quoted as complaining about the lack of concert halls in Nuremberg as wel as about the popularity of 'modern' music concerts, shortly after WWII. Now the question is, did Joe Glaser skip the Nürnberg concert because of this and/or because he could get a better deal from the C. Ebner concert agency in Frankfurt?)

The trumpet has no serial number, it has not the Emo/Selmer like waterkeys but standard ones and an underslung third valve ring that's also found on the Selmer trumpets Armstrong played. It also has z-shaped braces instead of the later Emo baluster type. Waterkeys and braces confirm that it's an early Emo indeed.

Letter from Louis Armstrong to Ernst Modl, dated August 5th 1955

In a letter dated August 5th. 1955 Armstrong repeats that "the EMO trumpet is the finest horn that I've ever played in my whole life." He thanks Modl for two trumpets he sent him, and tells him that he still has the first trumpet and had it overhauled.

There's a picture that was exhibited at an exposition in Neustadt of Armstrong with Modl and Modl's daughter Adrienne and an Emo trumpet. Armstrong choose three out of 15 Modl trumpets in Nürnberg, states the description. The trumpet in these pictures is not the first Emo Armstrong got but the later Emo World, that has different waterkeys and a different pinky hook. This get together must have been during his 1955 tour to Germany, the first time Modl and Armstrong could have met in person. So far I haven't found evidence that Armstrong performed in Nürnberg that year.

Louis Armstrong with Ernst Modl and his daughter, picture at exhibition Fremde in Neustadt, Harald Munzinger 2017
Louis Armstrong with Ernst Modl and his daughter Adrienne, picture Harald Munzinger 2017
Ernst Modl and Louis Armstrong, source: Fränkische Landeszeitung 03.04.1971

The Graslitzer Heimatbrief of December 1955, a periodical for Germans that were expelled from Sudetenland, Louis Armstrong is quoted as saying: 'I only play on trumpets of my friend Ernst Modl."

Ricky Riccardi, author of 'What a Wonderful World: The Magic of Louis Armstrong's Later Years' is quoted on Trumpetenforum, stating that Armstrong played the Emo from 1952 till the end of his second Australian tour in 1956, which took place April 1956. Armstrong did his first tour to Australia in 1954. I think he didn't play an Emo on his second tour in 1956, more about that later.

That means that the Emo can be heard on recordings such as 'Satchmo Live in Melbourne Australia 1954 & 1956' and (partly) 'Ambassador Satch' that was (partly) recorded in Amsterdam 1955.

Friedel Keim
Friedel Keim states in 'Das Grosse Buch der Trompete' that Louis Armstrong played an EMO World de luxe - No. 2503, that costed 170 RM in 1948. Modl gave Armstrong in Frankfurt am Main one of his trumpets in 1952 and after his tour with the Benny Goodman Band and his All-Stars Armstrong had sent some more EMOs and never again changed the brand... Thus Keim. According to Mario Rippert, Keim had this information from Franz Riedl and his cousin Adrienne, the daughter of Ernst Modl.
I think Friedel Keim is not right about the price in 1948, Modl didn't produce trumpets at that time, and also not about Armstrong staying with Emo as he returned to a Selmer in 1956.
The 2503 serial number he mentions is interesting. Modl started making piston trumpets after 1951, and made some 8100 instruments till 1972. So it might be the serial number of one of the later instruments Armstrong ordered, as the first one he got didn't have a serial number.

Armstrong playing Emo 1952 - 1954

The common story is that Armstrong played an Emo during his tour in Australia but in fact he played the Emo consequently in the years from (the end of) 1952 till 1956. I found a lot of pictures confirming that he played an Emo, but I'm not sure when exactly he started playing the Emo. There is one picture with Armstrong obviously playing a Selmer that is dated 1953 (or on other places Jan 1st 1953, which means the exact date is unknown). In a radio interview October 27th 1955 in Berlin, where Armstrong confirms playing an Emo, he says (somewhere around 4'17"): 'I'm playing it since the last time I was here'. That would be between October 9th and 16th 1952. On October 26th or 28th 1952 he was in Cinecitta, Rome, where he played a part in the movie La Route du Bonheur. Theere he still plays the Selmer. During the tour with Goodman in April/May 1953 he played the Emo, as he states in a letter to Ernst Modl. So far I found only one picture of that tour, with what I don't think is an Emo.

On the 9th Cavalcade of jazz on June 4th 1953 in Los Angeles he is pictured with what must be the Emo. Then, on a picture of a June 24th 1953 concert in Pasadena California in the 'Gene Norman Presents Just Jazz'series, clearly shows the Hüller Emo. As does one from his Japan tour in December 1953. From his Japan tour onwards pictures show him consistently with his Emo. Armstrong's first Emo has an unique engraving and in addition, unlike the standard Emo, a Selmer like pinky ring and an underslung ring for the third valve tube. His second Emo also has that underslung ring. Obviously these are custom adjustments because Armstrong was used to this feature on his Selmer trumpet. The Emo resembles a Selmer also in other details like waterkeys and valve buttons but there are distinct differences. There are a few pictures of Armstrong and his trumpet from this period where the Hüller or the Emo logo de facto can be read. On the other pictures, the main give away is the brace in the main tuning slide. On the Emo that brace is placed in the bow, and therefore it's more forward placed, Selmers have that brace between the tubes. The Emo also misses a stop rod.

Armstrong played his first Emo/Hüller during the 1953 Japan tour, where the Nürnberg inscription can be read on his instrument. The same inscription can be seen on the trumpet he plays at a Columbia studio session in Chicago, July 13th, 1954.

The pictures below show Armstrong with his first Emo trumpet during these years. It's a bit of an overload but it makes clear that he played the Emo without interruptions.

Armstrong and his first Emo, New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, picture Herman Hiller, 1953
Jamming during the Armstrong Goodman tour 1953. The second trumpeter from right is Al Stewart, Helen Ward collection
Louis Armstrong pictured with Clara Yaeju on the 9th Cavalcade of Jazz, June 7th Los Angeles
Members of Bob Scobey's Frisco Jazz Band and Louis Armstrong's All Stars, June 24th Pasadena Civic Auditorium, photo: Ray Avery
Louis Armstrong bringing his Emo/Hüller trumpet on tour in Japan, December 1953
Clipping from Down Beat dated December 30th 1953 with Louis Armstrong as Santa, playing his Emo
Armstrong at Columbia Chicago studio session, 13 July 1954
Armstrong at the same Columbia session
Louis Armstrong with his first Emo trumpet, CBS historic drama series You Are There features Louis Armstrong in The Emergence of Jazz episode. Image dated August 30, 1954, source: Bettmann Archives
File:Robert Merrill and Louis Armstrong in Las Vegas ca.19 Oktober 1954

Armstrong first visited Australia in 1954, making him the first black headline act to tour the country since the Australian Musicians’ Union implemented a ‘no coloured’ rule 3 decades earlier. American promoter Lee Gordon seized the opportunity to bring Armstrong to Australia. In October 1954, 23,000 Australians saw him play over 2 nights at Sydney Stadium. During this tour he played his first Emo.

Louis Armstrong arrives in Sydney, Sydney Morning Herald October 1954
Louis Armstrong arrives at Sydney's Mascot Airport, Sydney Morning Herald 1954
Armstrong at Sydney Airport after his arrival from San Francisco, 4 november 1954
Sydney Morning Herald October 28, 1954
Louis Armstrong at his first concert 29 oktober 1954, source: Sydney Morning Herald
Louis Armstrong backstage at his first concert at The Stadium Sydney 29 october 1954
Louis Armstrong backstage at his first concert at The Stadium Sydney 29 october 1954, picture (mirrored) F.Burke
Armstrong crashed at wedding of Sam and Virginia Calacoci at Martin Place function centre, Sydney, 6 november 1954, source: Daily Telegraph
Armstrong with tennis star Lewis Hoad at Mascot Airport Sydney November 11th 1954
Emo ad with reference to Louis Armstrong
Add from J. Stanley Johnston, musical instrument importer in Sydney, source: brasshistory.net
Emo brochure with Armstrong advocating Emo trumpets

And here's a videoclip of Armstrong holding his Emo while singing the Wiffenpoof song in a television clip form 1954, with Eddy Fisher.

1955 Berlin, Newport, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, The Hague, Amsterdam, Paris, Barcelona and more

For the Columbia recording session on April 26th Armstrong already plays his second Emo, as he does during his tours in 1955. this one has the Emo World logo. So somewhere between November 1954 and April 1955 he must have changed from the Hüller/Emo to the Emo World. On August 5th, 1955, Armstrong wrote to Ernst Modl about 'two wonderful trumpets' Modl had sent him. It's probably one of these trumpets (or both) that he uses these years. He also mentions that he had his first Emo trumpet overhauled and 'it looks the same as I first recieved it from you'. Below the pictures that I found of Armstrong with his Emo trumpet during these years.

Armstrong with the Emo World on an undated picture. source: Getty
Louis Armstrong with Emo trumpet, undated, ca 1955 Hollywood by Michael Ochs
Armstrong at Columbia Studios NYC session, 26 April 1955
Louis Armstrong at the CBS Gary Cosby show July 8th 1955, source CBS Radio
Louis Armstrong at the CBS Gary Cosby show July 8th 1955, source CBS Radio
Armstrong with the Emo, Newport Jazz Festival July 1955, photo Herman Leonard
Armstrong and Velma Middleton, Newport Jazz festival July 15th 1955
Louis Armstrong with Lotte Lenya, recording Macky Messer. September 28th 1955
Louis Armstrong with Lotte Lenya, recording Macky Messer. September 28th 1955, with this Emo, source: Bettman archives
Louis Armstrong, Oslo October 8th 1955 with Emo World trumpet, Riksarkivet
Armstrong in Oslo with his clearly recognizable Emo World, October 8th 1955, Riksarkivet
Armstrong at Students Club Copenhagen, Oct.12th 1955
Armstrong October 13th 1955 K.B. Hallen Copenhagen photo Willy Lund
Armstrong in Copenhagen, 1955 photo Lennart Steen
Armstrong in Copenhagen, 1955
Louis Armstrong in Halle Münsterland in Münster, Oct.21st 1955
Louis Armstrong and Velma Middleton in Halle Münsterland in Münster
Louis Armstrong in Frankfurt/Main, around October 26th 1955, photo: Heinz-Jürgen Göttert/dpa
Louis Armstrong in a Jazz Club Berlin, probably around October 27th 1955
Louis Armstrong in a Jazz Club Berlin, probably around October 27th 1955
Armstrong in West Berlin 1955
Armstrong at the Kurfürstendamm, October 26th 1955
Armstrong at the Kurfürstendamm, Berlin incorrectly dated May 23rd 1955 by Getty
Programm cover The Hague Amsterdam, October 29th 1955
Louis Armstrong at the Houtrusthallen in The Hague, October 29th 1955
Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam Oct 29th, 1955. Funny detail is that Selmer shows this picture on their company website as if it were a Selmer
Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam October 29th, 1955
Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam October 29th, 1955
Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam October 29th, 1955
Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam October 29th, 1955. On this picture and the next you can recognize the Emo World logo, this is another Emo than a the Emo/Hüller one Modl first gave him
Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam October 29th, 1955, source: HH
Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam October 29th, 1955, source: HH
Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam Concertgebouw, October 29th, 1955, with Trummy Young and Edmund Hall
Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam October 29th, 1955, source: LAM
postcard Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam Concertgebouw, October 29th, 1955, with Trummy Young and Edmund Hall, Photo Joel Elkins
Louis Armstrong and Velma Middleton, October 30th 1955, when they performed at 18.00 and 21.00 pm at Palais des beaux Arts, Brussels, photo Claude George
Louis Armstrong and Trummy Young in Brussels, October 30th 1955
poster for the Brussels concerts, October 30th 1955
Armstrong arrives at airport Kloten, Zürich, Suisse, November 7th, 1955
Armstrong arrives at airport Kloten, Zürich, Suisse, November 7th, 1955
Armstrong arrives at airport Kloten, Zürich, Suisse, November 7th, 1955
Armstrong arrives at airport Kloten, Zürich, Suisse, November 7th, 1955
Armstrong arrives at airport Kloten, Zürich, Suisse, November 7th, 1955
Louis Armstrong at the Casino in Bern, November 10th 1955, photo Walter Studer
Louis Armstrong in the dressing room at the Olympia in Paris 1955, source Getty
Armstrong, Paris 1955, picture is mirrored, photo Jeanloup Sieff
Armstrong at L'Olympia Paris, coll. Roger Viollet
Armstrong, L'Olympia Paris 1955, photo LAM
Armstrong, L'Olympia Paris 17 november 1955, photo Jean Pierre Leloir
Armstrong, L'Olympia Paris 1955
Armstrong, L'Olympia Paris 1955, photo Lipnitzki
Armstrong, Paris 1955, photo Jean Claude Bernath
Louis Armstrong 17 november 1955, photo Luc Fournol
Armstrong the Olympia dressing room, Paris, november 1955, photo Simon Michou
CD cover of a live registration of a concert December 23rd 1955 at Windsor Palace Cinema in Barcelona
Louis Armstrong at Windsor Palace Cinema, Barcelona, on December 23rd, 1955
Armstrong at Konzerthaus Wien on December 28th 1955, with his Emo, photo: Scheidl
Armstrong on Dec. 31st 1955 at Idlewild Airport, NY returning from 3 months European Tour, heading for Hollywood to make a film
Armstrong returns from a European Tour, New York Daily News Archive

When he arrives in Zürich Switzerland at the Kloten Airport he plays a little on his Emo. At the concerts in Zurich (November 7th in the Kongresshaus) and Lyon (Palais D'Hiver, November 12th & 13th, 1955) Armstrong also plays an Emo.

The next picture shows Armstrong with Guylaine Guy in Paris and is dated December 15th, 1955 on a Flickr page, but elsewhere as November 25th, which makes more sense. Here Guylaine doesn't hold an Emo. Which is kind of strange, because later that year in Barcelona Armstrong definitely plays an Emo. Armstrong is said to have performed in the Olympia in Paris with Guylaine. He was there November 17th. There's also a recording of them singing C'est ci bon. And then there is a story on the Radio Canada website that tells how she was elected Princess of Rhythm at L'Olympia by Armstrong on the occasion of the the name day of Saint Caecilia, patron of the musicians, which is November 25th. (On December 10, the French crowned her “Espoir of 1956” at the Triomphe of the Year prize, so she was really hot). Just a hypothesis: could it be that Armstrong picked up a new Selmer in Paris, where the Selmer factory is located at a 1 hour drive?

1956 Second Australian Tour, Armstrong playing Emo?

The second tour to Australia should have been the last period that Armstrong plays his Emo, according to Ricky Riccardi. The tour brings him between April 5th and 23rd 1956 in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and Adelaide. In the tour programm there's an ad for the Emo from musical instrument importer J. Stanley Johnston with a quote from Armstrong: "I want to thank you for making one of the finest instruments that I have ever played on in my whole career of playing music.....I honestly want to say this, it's something in your trumpet that makes your whole soul feel good and relaxed... I'm sure it's the material... that's why I say 'Dig that easy blowing trumpet....dig it man'."

Second Australian Tour 1956 concert programm
pages from Second Australian Tour Programm with EMO ad. On the left side he obviously plays another instrument.
Louis Armstrong welcome in Sidney 1956 source NFSA archive

But, earlier that year, at the set of the movie High Society in January 1956 Armstrong already played a Selmer again. And on a picture that's dated March 22nd 1956 he has a Selmer in his hand.

Louis and Jake Armstrong 1956-03-22, photo John W.Moshley

So I don't think Armstrong played Emo on his second tour to Australia. And he certainly didn't afterwards. The next stop after the Australian tour is London where he arrives May 3rd and plays ten concerts in the Empress Hall. One of the pieces is Macky Messer on, indeed a new Selmer. When he gets out of the plane on his tour to Ghana May 24th 1956, he is also holding a Selmer. And at a concert with the New York Philharmonic on July 14th 1956, Armstrong is playing St. Louis Blues on a Selmer.

In the movies and shows

In The Glenn Miller Story, where Armstrong appears along James Stewart as Glenn Miller, he plays an Emo. The movie premiered on February 10th, 1954. Armstrong plays his first Emo trumpet, here's an short clip.

Armstrong with his Emo on a Glenn Miller Story lobby card, copyright dated 1953
Armstrong with Gene Krupa and James Stewart
Armstrong with James Stewart. The Emo logo clearly recognizable
The Glenn Miller Story lobby card, with Gene Krupa
Armstrong and June Allyson on the set of The Glenn Miller Story 1953
Armstrong and his Emo
Still from the Glenn Miller Story with James Stewart, Gene Krupa, Louis Armstrong and his Emo,
Another still
And yet another still from the Glenn Miller Story
And the same picture used as a lobby card
And another still where Armstrong sings Land of Dreams, according to the backside of the picture.soource: Universal Pictures Company Inc., 1953

In a CBS broadcast on September 5th 1954 "THE EMERGENCE OF JAZZ", a recreation of the closing of Storyville, Armstrong plays the role of King Oliver, on his Emo. In the Colgate Comedy Hour's fall tv debut of September 19th, 1954 in the Hollywood Bowl, Armstrong shows up at 28'15" with his Emo. He's singing the Whippenproof Song. Backstage he's pictured with Peggy Lee.

In High Society, released July 17th, 1956, but recorded between 18 January 1956 - 6 March 1956, Armstrong plays a Selmer. Bing Cosby and Grace Kelly were two of the actors starring. That year Downbeat magazine shows Armstrong in a Selmer ad again.

Covers

Louis Armstrong is pictured with an Emo trumpet on several covers of records, books, programms and magazines. These pictures sometimes appear on publications at a time when Armstrong already played Selmer again, like there are a lot of Selmer pictures used at the time when he already played the Emo. Below are the covers where the Emo is pictured.

Cover EP Zat You Santa Claus, recorded 22 oktober 1953
Cover of Our World, August 1954 with the first Emo/Hüller trumpet
Louis Armstrong with his Emo on the cover of Ebony, August 1954. Quote: 'Blacker the cherry, sweeter the juice.'
cover The Louis Armstrong Collection Artist Transcriptions Hal Leonard, playing an Emo
Emo trumpet on the cover of Louis Armstrong at the Crescendo Vol 1 Part 4, recorded Jan 21, 1955, Brunswick records
Cover of Música y Lágrimas, Louis Armstrong And The All Stars - The Glenn Miller Story, EP Decca studio recording, issued by Columbia 19-2-1955, produced and printed in Spain. On the backside of the cover Armstrong is pictured with a Selmer.
Cover of The Glenn Miller story, soundtrack of the movie, Coral, COPS 1008
Louis Armstrong plays W.C.Handy, playing an Emo, 1954
Louis Armstrong and his Orchestra, Body and Soul, 1956, playing an Emo, picture made in Amsterdam, 1955
Cover of The Great Chicago concert, June 1st 1956 at Medina Temple.
Cover Take it Satch!, mono EP UK 1956, Philips, with his first Emo/Hüller
Cover of Take it Satch!, Philips Minigroove EP, recorded 1955, partly in Milan, December 22nd 1955, released 1960 Germany
cover of The complete Louis Armstrong Columbia and RCA Vitor Studio sessions 1946 - 1966, released in 2021. Picture taken at Columbia studio, where he recorded in 1954-1956
Down Beat Jazz Music Magazine cover with Armstrong and his first Emo
Cover of Louis Armstrong Boston Concert Volume 1, recorded Nov.30 1947, Brunswick release 1957
Cover of the RCA Louis Armstrong Town Hall Concert release of 1957. The concert was 1947, picture is from the Emo years
Cover J.E. Berendt 'jazz van new-orleans tot cool', Dutch edition ca. 1955
Cover of Louis Armstrong 'Mijn jeugd in New Orleans', autobiography in Dutch, published in 1958
Picture of Armstrong with an Emo in 'Mijn jeugd in New Orleans', published 1958
Cover of Satchmo 'La mia vita a New Orleans', Italian autobiography, published 2004
Cover The Columbia & RCA Victor Live Recordings Vol. 3, released 2018, picture made at the Olympia Paris, 1955
Programm cover for Louis Armstrong show in Beirut, April 1959 with an Emo, picture taken in Amsterdam 1955
Cover of The Essential Louis Armstrong, recorded 1965 in Paris
Cover of Louis Armstrong All Stars Live in Zürich 18.10.1949 with a picture of his arrival in 1955
Cover The very best of Louis Armstrong CD, Mastersong, photo Frank Driggs Collection
Cover of Louis Armstrong The Definitive Collection CD from 2006, picture taken in Olympia 1955
Cover of Armstrong For Ever, 1926-1931 songs, released in France 1959 Odeon osx 143 144
Cover of Just Jazz 3, by Sinclair Traill and Gerald Lascelles, published by Four Square Books in 1959
Louis Armstrong Chicago Concert (June 1st 1956) released 1980 CBS
Louis Armstrong's All Stars – Basin Street Blues, recorded July 1956 and October 17, 1957, released 1989 Black Lion Records
Cover of Louis Armstrong Essentiel Jazz vol.1, Sony 1994
Cover of Elmore, May 2010, with the well known 1953 picture of Armstrong and his first Emo, photo Herman Hiller
Cover of Louis Armstrong The Okeh, Columbia & RCA Victor recordings, Sony 2014

Back to Selmer

After the Emo, Armstrong returned to Selmer. Here Greg Englert is trying out a Selmer that's kept at Louis Armstrong Archive, Queens College, New York. A Selmer K Modified, serial number 20405, made in 1960/1961. Now there's of course the question why Armstrong moved from Selmer to Emo and why did he go back after 4 years. In 1953 the other famous Selmer player Harry James (1916- 1983) also moved to another brand, he went to play a King Symphony. "Because Selmer wouldn't make a 'Harry James' model", as Trumpetherald member Textr states. Selmer had made a 'Louis Armstrong balanced model', way back in 1933 already. And they had used his name and picture regularly in their advertisements. One could speculate about Selmer no longer being interested in Armstrong, or Armstrong's manager Joe Glaser wanting too much in return for the endorsement. Armstrong had moved from the bigband to his All Stars line up, new jazz greats like Miles Davis were emerging, Armstrongs popularity under the black audiences had diminished, he got critical reactions when he used the word 'darkies'. But in Europe he still was hugely popular.

In an unpublished interview with his wife Lucille, presented on the Louis Armstrong House Museum site, she gives a little insight in the way Louis Armstrong went from one trumpet to the next. The article refers to Selmer presenting Armstrong his first Selmer instrument during his engagement at the London Paladium in 1933. It states that 'Religiously every two years since then until his death the company sent the trumpet player a new instrument'. Lucille describes the proces: "When he got the new horn, Pops would doodle with it first at home, eventually he would try it out at rehearsals and finally when he nursed it real fine, he retired the old horn". So that might be the simple explanation how the Emo era came to an end.

In a Down Beat ad approximately 1956 Armstrong pops up again. It says: 'Satchmo' entrusts his reputation only to Selmer - and has for more than twenty years." Which we now know is a lie.

Down Beat Ad ca 1956 stating that Armstrong has played Selmer for the last twenty years.

Hugh Masekela playing the Armstrong F.X. Hüller/Emo

Louis Armstrong in 1956 donated his first Emo/F.X. Hüller instruments to the Huddleston Jazz Band, where it was given to young Hugh Masekela (1939-2018) to play it.

In November 1957, Father Trevor Huddleston published an amazing essay in Harper's Magazine outlining his involvement in the formation of the Huddleston Jazz Band at St. Peter's School in Johannesburg. The Reverend discusses how he acquired Hugh Masekela's first trumpet from a second-hand music store in Johannesburg in 1954. Huddleston, chaplain of St Peter's seminary, was a champion of township youth and the downtrodden, and a thorn in the side of the authorities. Young Hugh had been smitten with the trumpet since seeing the musical film Young Man with a Horn when he was 14.

Hugh Masekela with his first trumpet, along with Father Huddleston and Jonas Gwangwa

Huddleston was subsequently also instrumental in securing another trumpet for Hugh, the Emo/F.X. Hüller gift from Louis Armstrong. In 1956, when Huddleston was in the US publicising his book Naught for Your Comfort, he told Masekela’s story to a journalist, who suggested that it might interest Louis Armstrong, the best known trumpeter of the day. Armstrong was fascinated and handed Huddleston one of his horns to give to Masekela. “I sent it straight to South Africa, and I have a wonderful picture of Hugh jumping for joy,” said Huddleston, quoted in The Guardian.

Armstrong donating the Emo/Hüller trumpet to Huddleston, pictured by Wallace Kirkland on March 1st 1956

In a text from the Hugh Masekela Heritage Foundation it's described as follows:

Leaving for England in early 1956, Father Huddleston first visited several U.S. cities and even had occasion to meet with Dr. Martin Luther King, discussing the burgeoning U.S. civil rights movement and the brewing horrors of Apartheid in South Africa. It happened that a clarinet-playing Brother, familiar to Huddleston, was friends with Louis Armstrong’s clarinet player Barney Bigard.

Before a Louis Armstrong performance one night at the Civic Auditorium in Rochester, New York, Father Huddleston managed to finagle his way backstage to meet ol'Satchmo. Eager to procure more instruments for his young charges, Father Huddleston regaled Satch with stories of the Huddleston Jazz Band, young South Africans dedicated and determined to learning music properly. According to the Star, Armstrong's response ran something like: 'I figured they'd rather have a horn I’ve been drawin’ a few of those notes on than a new one.” Lucille, Armstrong’s wife, herself an alumni of the Cotton Club, mailed to South Africa one of Louis’ used trumpets. Arriving on April 11th, 1956, one week after Hugh’s 17th birthday, Louis’ horn made Hugh, and his band, the talk of the town. That evening the band gathered at the Polly Community Center, where they were photographed and interviewed by a throng of photographers and journalists. The story ran in both editions of The Star, Bantu and European."

The South African Sunday Times described it in 2018 this way: "On April 12 1956, The Star splashed a photo of a 17-year-old Masekela in delirious joy upon receiving a gift, a used trumpet that was once the property of his "negro" American jazz hero Louis Armstrong, also known as Satchmo. The photo was shot by Alf Kumalo on the streets of Sophiatown. Their friendship was sealed in a vial of psychic recognition of the talent in each other."

1956 16-year old Hugh Masekela leaping in the air, clutching the trumpet that had been sent to him by Louis Armstrong, Photo: Alf Kumalo

The Star announced: "Louis Armstrong's Trumpet Arrives and Jazz Sessions Start. Hugh Cannot Believe His Luck: A Trumpet from the 'King' Himself."

The arrival of the trumpet from Armstrong in South Africa was also photographed by Jurgen Schadeberg.

Hugh Masekela opening the case with the trumpet from Louis Armstrong and playing it, 1956, Photo's Jurgen Schadeberg

Masekela made his first recordings using the "Satchmo" Emo trumpet with the Huddleston Jazz Band that same year. The group then included Jonas Gwangwa, Zakes Moyake, George Makhene amongst others. An obituary of Masekela and a sound example of Masekela playing the Emo/Hüller is found at | Flatint blogspot

The engravings on this trumpet tell us that this was the first trumpet Armstrong got from Ernst Modl in 1952, the one with the special text quoted above.

In a short film by Adrian Steirn for the Icons 21 series Masekela talks about receiving this trumpet from Louis Armstrong in 1956. 'We even appeared on on the cover of Farmers Weekly: 'Black boys get Louis' trumpet, Masekela recalls. In another interview for Red Bull Music Academy in 2003 he states: "Huddleston went to America and he met Louis Armstrong. He told Louis Armstrong about the band and Louis Armstrong sent us a trumpet – one of his own trumpets. We were in the news. In those days, African people, you never saw them on the front page in the newspaper. Mostly, we were on the crime list on page nine. [laughs] So, for that whole year, every magazine and every book wanted us, and that brought us to the forefront. We became sort of part of the music community in this country." All because of this Emo trumpet.

In yet another interview in the Wall Street Journal in 2014 Masekela said: "I took up the trumpet at age 15 after seeing Kirk Douglas in "Young Man With a Horn." By the mid-'50s, I was in the Huddleston Jazz Band—South Africa's first youth band. When Father Trevor Huddleston was exiled from South Africa for his anti apartheid activities, he traveled to America, met Louis and told him about our youth band. Louis sent one of his trumpets to the school as a gift. Eventually, the trumpet was given to me to play in our band. I used to keep the trumpet in a box at home, but now it's in South Africa's National Museum--for safekeeping.".

In yet another account of the events Karen Borek describes the story like this: 'Before returning to England, Father Huddleston went to the United States to visit a friend. In Rochester, New York, Huddleston went to a concert, met Louis Armstrong backstage, and mentioned the South African youth band. Louis Armstrong hoped to inspire a young musician from this distant place by donating one of his horns, which was mailed to South Africa by his wife Lucille. When Hugh Masekela received Armstrong’s trumpet at the age of seventeen, he was thrilled. Masekela later wrote that receiving Armstrong’s trumpet made him feel “something like a spiritual connection with Satchmo and those musicians back in the states”: a connection to a “tradition that had crisscrossed the Atlantic from Africa to America and back” (Masekela and Cheers 2004, 82). ... Masekela finally met and thanked Louis Armstrong for the trumpet when Masekela accompanied singer Miriam Makeba at the 1964 Grammy Awards at the Hotel Astor in New York City. Armstrong won the award that year for Best Male Vocal Performance for the play Hello Dolly."

In his thesis about Masekela Ricardo Cueva states that Huddleston, who in December 1955 was recalled to England because of his anti-apartheids activism, met Armstrong during a tour in England. I guess that's incorrect.

There's another picture with Masekela and - I think - the same Emo. I found it on the WBGO website with a story about The Jazz Epistels. Masekela joined them in 1959 at age 20. The picture is dated March 1963 but The Jazz Epistles broke up in early 1960 already, after their scheduled tour was cancelled due to the Sharpeville massacre, March 21, 1960. Masekela left South Africa for London weeks after that. Which would date the picture 1959/1960.

The Jazz Epistels Masekela, Gwangwa and Moeketsi, picture Halim's Photographic Service

Masekela left South Africa to go to London and then New York, to study at the Manhattan School of Music. Masekela quitted the Hüller/Emo trumpet when he started to take lessons there with Cecil Collins, ex‐lead trumpeter for the New York Metropolitan Opera. He tells the story himself in detail in Sophiatown Renaissance: A Reader(ed.) by Ntongela Masilela.

"For four years I had been playing a German‐made F.S. Huller trumpet, the one Louis Armstrong had sent to the Huddleston Band. I had never washed the inside of the horn. On the day of my first trumpet lesson, Collins asked me to play a tune of my choice. After hearing a few notes, he abruptly stopped me. “Your trumpet has leaks,” he said. “The only reason you don’t know it is because dirt inside is blocking all the holes in it. Come with me and I’ll show you what I mean.” My stomach sank at his matter‐of‐fact dismissal of my cherished instrument; I followed him to the bathroom like a sheep to slaughter. He walked over to the porcelain sink, holding my prized Louis Armstrong trumpet like it was a piece of junk. Collins handed me my mouthpiece and then ran a twig through the stem of my trumpet. When he removed the twig, out came loads of green and gray slimy mold. That shit had been stuck up there for years. He then ran water through the horn and foul‐smelling, caked gunk came splattering out of the bell in large, green, nauseating blobs. I was embarrassed beyond comprehension.

Back in the practice room, Collins handed me my horn and said, “Now try to blow that thing.” I tried, but the horn was leaking like a sieve from around the valves, producing a flat, airy sound more like a leaking exhaust muffler system than a trumpet. I wanted to crawl my humiliated ass out of there and hide.

“You have to go to Manny’s Music Store on 48 th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues and ask for a Vincent Bach trumpet with a 7C mouthpiece of the same name. These will cost you around one hundred and fifty dollars. You also must buy an Arban Cornet Method exercise book, for about twelve dollars. When you have those things, come back to me and I’ll teach you how to play the trumpet. With all due respect to Louis Armstrong, that thing is now an old scrap that even he would be unwilling to blow on.” Cecil Collins left the room with me standing there holding Satchmo’s trumpet in my right hand. I was totally shattered and speechless.

I didn’t have one hundred sixty‐two dollars, and I had no idea where to get it. Two weeks had rolled by, and I could not take a lesson on the instrument that was my major. Collins kept calling me to his tutorial room to ask when was I getting a proper trumpet. “You are falling behind. This is your major. You are scheduled for brass ensemble, too. By the time you join us, if you ever do, it will be too late because we will be way ahead. Remember, with a new mouthpiece and trumpet, you’re going to have to start from scratch. Can’t you let me talk to Miss Makeba or Harry Belafonte about the urgency of this matter?” “No sir,” I replied. “I’ll figure out something.”

My new world was caving in on me. I could never go to Miriam and ask her for money after all she had already done. I had not yet met Belafonte, and the only money I had to keep me going was what Miriam had left for food and transportation for me and Bongi. Miriam called one day from Canada to check on things, and Leslie told her about my predicament. Miriam was furious that I hadn’t let her know. She instructed Leslie to go and see Alfred Braunstein, her accountant. He gave Leslie the money. The next day I walked into Manny’s Music Store and purchased my first new trumpet.

On the bus ride to school, I thanked my ancestors for their intercession. I also gave thanks to Trevor Huddleston and Bob Hill and Old Man Sauda and Louis Armstrong. I whispered a very special thank‐you for Miriam Makeba. I got off the bus and marched up 105 th Street with a brand‐new trumpet in a leather case, complete with the new 7C mouthpiece and the Arban Cornet Method book. Collins smiled as I showed him my new prized possessions. I was now a full‐fledged student at the Manhattan School of Music.

Hugh Masekela with the Vincent Bach trumpet he played around 1968, picture Michael Ochs/Getty

Where did the F.X. Hüller/ Emo trumpet go after this? According to an article by Shelia Pool in the Atlanta Journal- Constitution in 2004 it remained on display at the Cape Town Heritage Museum. In 2022 it popped up in an exhibit called “Hugh Masekela: Home Is Where The Music Is" in the Rand Merchant Bank precinct in Sandton (SA). The exhibition was curated in 2019 by the Hugh Masekela Heritage Foundation (HMHF) to commemorate what would have been Bra Hugh’s 80th birthday. This No Borders Exhibition took place in 2019 in Soweto Theatre from October 9th till November 9th. Here the trumpet is on display with a picture of Masekela recieving it in the background.

Emo/F.X.Hüller donated by Louis Armstrong to Hugh Masekela showed at the No Borders Exhibition in Soweto theatre, 2019.

Masekela's daughter Pula Twala told me in 2022 that the trumpet currently is in the families possession. 'How it is now is how Hugh had it at his home before his passing, covered in an African print cloth.'

Emo/F.X.Hüller donated by Louis Armstrong to Hugh Masekela showed in Sandton, 2022. Obviously, at one point the pinky ring has been renewed....

Ernst Modl serial number overview

There are a few Modl instruments without a serial number but they are rare. Most have one. And they give a valuable insight in the Emo production. Most important observation is that there's a steady line from the first ones up to 8000. That's a strong indication they all come from the same spot. So far I didn't find any Emo trombone with a serial number, that might be an indication that the trumpet valve clusters were not by Modl himself. Because for instance Julius Keilwerth, another ex-Graslitz maker, had his trombones and trumpets all numbered in one straight line. It gives another reason to think that Emo was indeed very much an assembly plant. I listed the Emo's as well as the trumpets and bugles from other brands that are supposed to be or might be Modl-made, the Rudy Mucks, Buffets, Ludwigs, Smiths and so. From the first 1000 some 45 are (disputable) stencils (mainly bugles) and 75 are Modls own brand. From nr 29 Buffet trumpets chime in, 5616 is the 'last' of around 26 Buffets (and an Evette & Schaeffer). Between 1100 and 4000 Rudy Mück takes 40 against 49 Emo's. The highest Emo number so far is 8125. That is, there are a few with 5 digit numbers and a few with 6 digit numbers. They are slightly different with also slightly different engravings. I'm not sure that all the stencil instruments listed here are Emo-made. Rudy Muck, Buffet Crampon and Evette Schaeffer have almost identical trumpets with serials in the 6 digit range. They look very much like the B&M Symphonic in the same range. My aim was to create a kind of data base to be able to compare the Emo's and the other ones that are supposed to be or might be Emo-made. I'm in the process of doing that. So if you have an instrument of any of the brands below with a serial number that fits in this list, please let me know at info@brasspedia.com.

	Serial number	Model	Notes	Source
	no serial	Professional
	no serialnumber, valve numbers 1,2,3	Professional	different Emo logo and a third slide ring from another maker
	valve numbers 1,2,3	Professional
	valve numbers 1,2,3	Champion
	no serial	World
	valve numbers 16,17,18	Champion	One of the few Emo's with numbered valves without a serial number. Presumably one of the first Emo's
	valve numbers 18,19,20	Champion	One of the few Emo's with numbered valves without a serial number. Presumably one of the first Emo's
	valve numbers 184,185,186 ?	Champion	One of the few Emo's with numbered valves without a serial number. Presumably one of the first Emo's		'Made in Germany' shield engraving
	valve numbers 1, 2, 3,	Champion, 'Musik Theuerkauf Instrumentbau Duisburg' on bell	Serial number not recognizable, presumably 2 or 3 digits. Only Emo so far with a tuning slide stop rod		number 160892 on the 'other' side of the middle valve casing
	2	Professional
	4?	Professional
	4?	Buffet
	9	Professional
	11	Ludwig	single valve bugle ?
	12	Champion Super
	13	Ludwig	Stamped Germany, 2 valve?
	14	Wilhelm Monke
	18	Champion	trombone
	18	Champion
	23	Champion
	28	Professional
	29	Buffet
	30	Professional	bought in Trier ca 1964
	32	Champion	'Made in Germany' on the middle valve casing
	34	Wilhelm Monke
	34	Smith Music Sales	different braces
	36	Ludwig	'Germany' stamped on the mouthpiece reciever, but presumably not Emo made
	46	Professional	Bb/C
	48	Emo, no model name	4 May 1956 SP SV Property inscribed on the bell
	52	Wilhelm Monke
	52	Buffet		Answers.com
	54	Smith Music Sales	1 valve baritone G bugle
	56	World de Luxe
	56	Champion
	64	Champion
	68	World de Luxe
	68 or 88	Smith Music Sales
	77	World de Luxe
	78	Champion	bought new in 1971
	79	Champion
	81	World de Luxe color
	90	World de Luxe
	91	World de Luxe color
	92	World de Luxe color	'bought in 1975'
	1xx	Ludwig	baritone bugle Germany pat.pen.
	122	Champion	EMO?, (too) small logo removed
	127	Peate	one valved bugle	Trumpetmaster
	135	DEG Caravelle	flugel	HUC forum
	136	Champion
File:Emo 139.jpg 150x100px	139	Champion
	148	De Luxe	The only 'De Luxe' so far, no 'World'
	155	Emo Standard	F.X.Hüller & Co
	156	Champion
	157	Champion	extra loop in main bow
	172	Champion	valve trombone
	173	Professional
	179	Champion	flugel
	180	Professional
	180	H. Glassl
	189	Champion
	189?	Smith Music Sales	single valve bugle
	210	Champion
	214?	Champion
	215?	Champion
	227 of 232	Smith Music Sales	bariton bugle
	235	Ludwig	double valve bugle in G	Germany
	237	World
	240	Champion
	245	Buffet Crampon
	268	Champion	Flugelhorn
	268	Buffet Crampon		HUC
	276	Champion	'1959/1960'
	297	Champion
	299	Champion
	303	Champion
	308	Ludwig	tenor bugle Germany pat.pen.
	3xx	Professional		coll. Eddy Curr TF
	319	Emo Standard	F.X.Hüller & Co
	335	Ranger II		HUC forum
	353	Champion
	354	Champion
	356	Buffet
	360	Buffet American
	385	Buffet
	397	Ludwig	reciever might not be original
	397	Buffet		TH
	402	Buffet		Balanced 18-20 PGE DUG D CERF
	403	Ludwig	single valve bugle	Pat.Pend.
	440	Luxor
	442	Professional
	454	Champion
	455	Buffet	cornet
	480	Professional
	492	Emo Standard	F.X.Hüller & Co
	496	Champion
	498	Champion
	507	World
	509	Champion		TF
	510	Smith Music Sales		TF
	530	Professional
	531	World
	547	Professional
	548	Champion
	550	Professional
	553	Champion
	563	World
	572	Rudy Muck 2m
	576	World de Luxe color
	579	Professional
	606	Smith Music Sales	or 909? 108 on lever. bugle
	612	Professional
	615	Champion
	616	DEG Ranger II
	630	Professional
	632	Champion Super
	638	Professional
	643	Professional
	652	Ludwig	single valve bugle, USMC United States Marine Corps, Germany on reciever
	652	Champion
	654	Professional
	661	Smith Music Sales	single valve horn (French horn?)
	664	Professional
	665	World
	666	Waterloo Champion	G bugle	Kijiji
	683	Professional
	698	Buffet		18-20 PGE DUG D CERF on bell
	701	DEG Ranger II		HUC forum
	703	Buffet		brasshistory
	708	Buffet		18-20 PGE DUG D CERF on bell
	724	Champion	50's
	737	Waterloo Champion	bugle
	747	Champion
	754	Smith Music Sales	French horn bugle
	764	Buffet
	766	World
	779	Champion
	781	Ludwig
	794	Champion	ca 70 yr
	798	Ludwig
	81x	World		Trompete.pt
	810	Rudy Muck Academy Super
	814	World
	817	Professional
	829	Champion
	841	Champion
	846	Champion
	858	Professional
	859	Champion
	869	Champion
	881	Champion
	896	Champion
	896	World
	905	DEG Ranger II
	920	Champion
	9x2	Buffet
	935	Professional
	942	Buffet
	949	Champion
	962	Professional
	1004	World	sold by E.Giger Winterthur (CH)
	1024	World		TF
	1026	World
	1050	Rudy Muck Citation	warranty card from 1958	brasshistory
	1062	World
	1073	World de Luxe
	1107	Champion
	1110	Buffet
	1122	Rudy Muck 4M
	1188	World de Luxe
	1210	Rudy Muck 4M	?
	1314	World
	1323	World
	1433	World de Luxe
	1463	World
	15xx	World		TF
	1506	Rudy Muck 2m
	1592	Rudy Muck 4m
	1605	Buffet
	1640	World
	1692	Rudy Muck 2m
	1707	World
	1791	World
	1801	World
	1850	Champion
	1912	Rudy Muck 7M
	1913	Champion
	1933	World		Yorkmaster
	1950	Rudy Muck 4m		Japan
	1955	World	1955 or nr 1955..?
	1957	Buffet		Thea.com
	1997	Rudy Muck 7M		Dallas Studio
	2018	Professional
	2031	Champion
	2067	World
	2104	World
	2106	Champion
	2121	Rudy Muck 7M?
	2152	World
	2162	Rudy Muck 5M
	2184	Rudy Muck 5M		brasshistory
	2187	Rudy Muck 5M		brasshistory
	2210	Rudy Muck 4M
	2236	Rudy Muck 2M
	2294	Champion	ca 60 year in 2019
	2503	World de Luxe	Louis Armstrong's second Emo trumpet, ca 1954/1955
	2506	Champion Super
	25xx	Champion Super		.
	2520	Rudy Muck 2M		Dallas London Foreign
	2567	Rudy Muck 5m
	2571	Rudy Muck 2M	atypisch
	2588	Rudy Muck 5m
	2592	Rudy Muck 5m	atypisch
	2601	Caravelle		HUC forum
	2656	Rudy Muck 5M	atypisch	Dallas London
	2676	Champion
	2700	Rudy Muck 7M	'1959'
	2749	World
	2772	Rudy Muck 7M	Dallas London Foreign
	2798	Rudy Muck 7M		brasshistory
	2829	Rudy Muck 7M	Dallas London Foreign
	2860	Rudy Muck 7M		brasshistory
	2919	World
	2925	World
	2930	World
	2990	Rudy Muck 7M
	2996	Rudy Muck 7M
	3006	Rudy Muck 2m	atypisch	Dallas London
	3##6	Rudy Muck 7M		Dallas London
	3022	World de Luxe
	3056	Rudy Muck 7M
	3168	World
	3224	World
	323x	Rudy Muck 2M	atypisch	Emo Silber?
	3243	Rudy Muck 4M		Dallas London Foreign
	3257	Rudy Muck 2M	'ca 1960'	Dallas London
	3337	Rudy Muck 4M		Foreign Dallas
	3361	Champion
	3372	World
	3386	World		ebaykleinanzeigen
	3387	World
	3397	World
	3436	World
	3485	Rudy Muck 4M
	3489	Rudy Muck 4M	'Buffet'
	3498	Hug & Co	Hug & Co Zurich	on the bell serial nr 11156
	3500	Rudy Muck 7M		brasshistory, Worthpoint 35xx
	3507	World
	3528	World
	3561	Rudy Muck 7M
	3567	Rudy Muck 7M	Bought in early 70's
	3578	World de Luxe
	3580	Rudy Muck 7M
	3622	Rudy Muck 7M
	3630	World Color de Luxe
	3633	Rudy Muck 7M
	3665	World de Luxe
	3666	World de Luxe color
	3694	World
	3759	World
	3738	Champion
	3812	Rudy Muck 4M
File:Emo 3827 World.JPG 150x100px	3827	World
	3829	Rudy Muck 4M
	3847	World
	3852	World de Luxe
	3865	World de Luxe
	3868	World
	3871	World
	3873	World
	3891	World
	3974	World
	3978	Rudy Muck 7M
	3980	World
	3981	World
	4053	World
	4199	World de Luxe
	4230	Champion
	4273	Rudy Muck Academy Super
	4400?	World
	4458	Buffet Crampon
	4496	World
	4501	World
	4587	Champion
	4594	World
	4596	Harmony
	4597	World
	4684	Rudy Muck 2M
	4697	Jubilee
	4732	Buffet Crampon
	4796	Professional
	4808	World
	4828	Champion
	4900	World de Luxe
	4919	World
	4933	Professional
	4978	Buffet Crampon
	4988	Buffet Crampon
	4990	Buffet Crampon
	5120	Professional	bought new in 1959	TM 02/2012 quoted on TF
File:Emo 5179 Champion.JPG 150x100px	5179	Champion
	5290	Super Champion
	5356	Buffet Crampon
	5376	Professional
	5395	Professional
	5431	Buffet Crampon
	5484	Buffet American	cornet
	5601	Evette & Schaeffer American
	5616	Buffet Crampon
	5645	Champion
	5652	World
	5681	Champion
	5698	Professional
	5735	Champion
	5800	World
	5876	Professional
File:Emo World 5885.jpg 150x100px	5885	World
	5955	World
	5961	World
	6017	World
	6024	World
	6081	Champion
	6205	Professional
	6454	Professional
	6557	Champion		Worthpoint
	6582	Professional
	6612	Professional
	6791	Professional
	6849	Champion
	6881	Professional
	6942	Professional
	7186	World de Luxe
	7220	Champion
	7373	Professional
	7532	Professional
	7688	World
	7745	Champion
	7854	Professional
	7922	Professional
	7961	Champion
	8013	Champion	cornet
	8103	Professional
	8125	Champion Super	sold
	8284	Professional
	12442	World de Luxe
	12750	Emo World	Schmidtco? Bauerfeind valves
	15719	Emo World	1983?
The higher serial numbers, not Emo?
	66489	Evette &Schaeffer		American
	70582	Buffet-Crampon model Professional		Germany
	075354?	B&M Symphonic
	160892	Champion	Musik Theuerkauf Instrumentbau Duisburg	serial on right side of middle valve
	161295	Champion	serial on right side of middle valve
	161414	Champion		serial on right side of middle valve
	603854	Rudy Muck 4M		HUC
	612132	Rudy Muck 5M		Brasshistory.net
	612182	Rudy Muck 5m		'German'
	612253	Rudy Muck 5m
	613931	Professional
	615038	Rudy Muck 4m
	622787	Rudy Muck 7m	Purchased 1960	RM serial numberlist
	663803	Evette & Schaeffer American	cornet
	663813	Evette & Schaeffer American	cornet	HUC
	681034	Evette & Schaeffer American
	681608	Evette & Schaeffer	cornet	TH
	681661	Evette & Schaeffer American
	682236	Buffet American
	682576	Evette & Schaeffer American
	682685	Evette & Schaeffer American	date of sale 6-9-1971
	683385	Buffet	cornet	TH
	692734	Evette & Schaeffer American Model
	701245	Evette & Schaeffer	Made in Germany
	712102	B&M Symphonic

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:Emo World.jpg|thumb|center| <small>Emo World serial number 5955</small>]]
-Every now and then an Emo trumpet pops up on Ebay and other auction sites and a potential buyer asks: 'who knows more'. Little is known about it's maker Ernst Modl who's career started before WWI in Bohemia and ended after WWII in West-Germany. Often the link with Louis Armstrong is mentioned and there are these still available Emo mutes.
+<b>Every now and then an Emo trumpet pops up on Ebay and other auction sites and a potential buyer asks: 'who knows more'. Often the link with Louis Armstrong is mentioned and there are these still available Emo mutes. Little is known about their maker Ernst Modl, who's career started before WWI in Bohemia and ended after WWII in West-Germany. </b>
-[[File:logo 0.jpg|left|<small>Emo mute logo</small>]]On this page I collected the available information. Starting with his pre WWII career in the F.X. Hüller company in Graslitz, the war years, his patents, and an overview of his instruments that appear not only under the Emo brand but also under names like Ludwig, Buffet Crampon, Rudy Muck, Smith Music Sales and Waterloo. And a list of their serial numbers. Trying to connect things and hoping for additional information to come.
+[[File:logo 0.jpg|left|<small>Emo mute logo</small>]]On this page I collected the available information. Starting with his pre WWII career in the F.X. Hüller company in Graslitz, the war years, his patents, and an overview of his instruments that appear not only under the Emo brand but also under names like Ludwig, Buffet Crampon, Rudy Muck, Smith Music Sales and Waterloo. I made a list of their serial numbers. Trying to connect things and hoping for additional information to come. And I researched the Armstrong connection.
-  Note: This page focusses on brass and on the career of Ernst Modl. More information about F.X.Hüller and their (pre war)saxophone production you can find at [http://FXHULLER.COM/ F.X.Hüller.com]
+  Note: This page focusses on brass and on the career of Ernst Modl. More information about F.X.Hüller and their (pre war)saxophone production you can find at <strong>[http://FXHULLER.COM/ F.X.Hüller.com]</strong>
+ Note 2: More about the Second World War history of the F.X.Hüller and Emo companies, as well as of other Graslitz musical instrument makers you can find at <strong>[[Emo Leichtmetallbau, Ernst Modl %26 Co]]</strong>
 =Before WWII=
 [[File:Graslitz 1916 v.JPG|thumb|left|<small>Graslitz around 1916</small>]]The life of Ernst Modl starts on July 4th 1892 in Graslitz, Czechoslovakia. Graslitz, now known as Kraslice, is a town close to the border with Germany. It was then part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. Graslitz housed an extensive production of musical instruments, brass and woodwind, but also harmonicas. The other economic pillar was textile industry. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were 86 middle and smaller textile factories and 11 musical instrument factories in Graslitz. There were also 40 independent companies that either produced musical instruments or their components.
-I'm not sure about the ancestors of Ernst Modl. There's a Josef Modl listed in 1771 as musical instrument trader, living at Modlgasse 371 (549) in Graslitz. One of his descendants was also called Josef Modl, rotary valve block maker and trader of wind and string instruments in the early 1900's at Modlgasse 542/786 in Graslitz, with his workshop founded in 1848. In 1913 Josef Modl is listed along with F.X.Hüller as one of the two Graslitz makers that participate in the newly registered O.Hebron export firm in Berlin, together with a lot of Markneukirchen based traders.
+The father of Ernst Modl was named Josef Modl, his mother's name was Katherina. There's already a Josef Modl listed in 1771 as musical instrument trader, living at Modlgasse 371 (549) in Graslitz. One of his descendants was Ernst's father, also called Josef Modl, rotary valve block maker and trader of wind and string instruments in the early 1900's at Modlgasse 542/786 in Graslitz, with his workshop founded in 1848. In 1913 Josef Modl is listed along with F.X.Hüller as one of the two Graslitz makers that participate in the newly registered O.Hebron export firm in Berlin, together with a lot of Markneukirchen based traders.
 Until WWI the city was booming. In the years of the First World War, the economic boom stagnated. In 1918, Austria-Hungary, to which Graslitz belonged, disintegrated, and the Czechoslovak Republic was founded. After WWI production in Graslitz quickly recovered and at a time there were 59 musical instrument manufacturers in the area including such names as Bohland & Fuchs, F.X.Hüller, A.K. Hüttl and Julius Keilwerth.
 ==Ernst Modl Metallwarenfabrik==
-From ca. 1918 till 10-05-1920 Ernst Modl is listed as maker of rotary valve blocks  (G.Dullat). In the catalog '400 Jahre Musikinstrumentenbau in Graslitz' Dullat also mentions Josef Modl at Modlgasse 542 (786), and he states that it's the same as Ernst Modl at Modlgasse 786, who's listed as 'Maschinen- und Metalblassinstrumentenbau sowie Herstellung von Geschossteilen". That could mean that Ernst was a son of Josef, wouldn't it?
+From ca. 1918 till 10-05-1920 Ernst Modl is listed as maker of rotary valve blocks  (G.Dullat). In the catalog '400 Jahre Musikinstrumentenbau in Graslitz' Dullat also mentions Josef Modl at Modlgasse 542 (786), and he states that it's the same as Ernst Modl at Modlgasse 786, who's listed as 'Maschinen- und Metalblassinstrumentenbau sowie Herstellung von Geschossteilen".
+[[File:Ernst Modl ad.jpg|thumb|left|<small>ERNST MODL Metallwarenfabrik GRASLITZ i. Böhmen, source: Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau, Volume 37, Nummer 8, edited by Elektrotechnischer Verein in Wien, 1919</small>]]The magazine Elektrotechnik und Machinenbau, Volume 37, Nr 8 has an ad on April 6th 1919 of Ernst Modl Metallwarenfabrik, Graslitz i. Böhmen (Bohemia), producing all kinds of nipples, clamps and sheet metal screens. 'Best prices. Best performance. Fast delivery.' the ads says. It doesn't give a street name/address. So Ernst started a workshop on his own.
-[[File:Ernst Modl ad.jpg|thumb|left|<small>ERNST MODL Metallwarenfabrik GRASLITZ i. Böhmen, source: Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau, Volume 37, Nummer 8, edited by Elektrotechnischer Verein in Wien, 1919</small>]]The magazine Elektrotechnik und Machinenbau, Volume 37, Nr 8 has an ad on April 6th 1919 of Ernst Modl Metallwarenfabrik, Graslitz i. Böhmen (Bohemia), producing of all kinds of nipples, clamps and sheet metal screens. 'Best prices. Best performance. Fast delivery.' the ads says. It doesn't give a street name/address. So Ernst started a workshop on his own.
 ==F.X Hüller & Co==
 On 09/06/1919 Ernst Modl marries Philippine Hüller, the daughter of Franz Xaver Hüller. In 1922 a daughter is born. His father-in-law F.X. Hüller was a leading instrument maker in Graslitz. By 1910 Hüller had 200-250 people at work. He built and traded wind instruments and stringed instruments. Hüller, born on December 29th of 1856, in the nearby Pechbach founded his factory in 1882. He then bought the ruïns of the 'Knappschaftsmühle', a burnt mill, and on that spot in 1898 he had a factory and a house built. The factory was known as the 'Schied-Fabrik'. The address was Eibenbergerstrasse 440, now called Wolkerova in the Grunberg part of Graslitz (now: Zelená Horá in Kraslice). House nr 1066 is right behind the factory and is the Hüller villa at the Knappschaftsgasse/Nerudova (cást).
 [[File:Huller fabriek.jpg|thumb|left|<small>The F.X. Hüller & Co factory and house around 1920, source: Hüller & Co catalog</small>]]
-[[File:F X Huller.jpg|thumb|right|<small>Franz Xaver Hüller (1856-1936)</small>]]Ernst Modl joined the company in 1919 after he married Philippine. Her sister Susanne had married Anton Riedl (6/6/1884-11/25/1935) in 1911, he joined the Hüller company in 1911.  (note: this Anton Riedl is another one than the maker of the <strong>[[Arigra]]</strong> octagonal trumpets).
+[[File:F X Huller.jpg|thumb|right|<small>Franz Xaver Hüller (1856-1936)</small>]]Ernst Modl joined the company in 1919 after he married Philippine. Her sister Susanne had married Anton Riedl (6/6/1884-11/25/1935) in 1911, Riedl joined the Hüller company in 1911.  (note: this Anton Riedl is another one than the maker of the <strong>[[Arigra]]</strong> octagonal trumpets).
-In 1920 on the first of March Modl and Riedl together with Philippine and Susanne Hüller became partners in the company (Hüller himself was aged 63 by then). On March 29th 1920 the name of the company changed therefore in F.X.Hüller & Co (F.X.Hüller a Spol in Czech). Modl took on the role of the inventor and craftsman, while Riedl took care of the management and the sales. (Uwe Ladwig). 'He never built an instrument' (Rippert)
+In 1920, on March 1st, Modl and Riedl together with Philippine and Susanne Hüller became partners in the company (Hüller himself was aged 63 by then). On March 29th 1920 the name of the company changed therefore in F.X.Hüller & Co (F.X.Hüller a Spol in Czech). Modl took on the role of the inventor and craftsman, while Riedl took care of the management and the sales. (Uwe Ladwig). 'He never built an instrument' (Rippert)
 [[File:1921 ZIb Handelsregister Markneukirchen Huller.jpg|thumb|left|<small>Hüller & Co Trade registry entry source:Zeitschrift für Musikinstrumentenbau 1921</small>]]
-In 1921 they were enlisted in the trade register in Markneukirchen, Hüller as manufacturer, Modl and Riedl as Kaufmann (businessman), with the addition that their wives were not allowed to represent the company. In 1929/1930 they are still listed in the Markneukirchen address book. Hüller & Co was one of the first Bohemian factories to establish a branch in Markneukirchen. In 1929 he is listed there at the address Roter Markt 13, and later on in Klingenthal, both only a few kilometres away from Graslitz but then part of the German Empire. The instrument makers in Bohemia exported a lot. Their branches in Saxonian Vogtland helped to get their products al over the world. Especially when they had to deal with the big market crisis and growing tariff barriers as a result of that in the early thirties.
+In 1921 they were enlisted in the trade register in Markneukirchen, Hüller as manufacturer, Modl and Riedl as Kaufmann (businessman), with the addition that their wives were not allowed to represent the company. In 1929/1930 they are still listed in the Markneukirchen address book. Hüller & Co was one of the first Bohemian factories to establish a branch in Markneukirchen. In 1929 he is listed there at the address Roter Markt 13, and later on in Klingenthal, both only a few kilometres away from Graslitz but then part of the German Empire. The instrument makers in Bohemia exported a lot. Their branches in Saxonian Vogtland helped to get their products all over the world. Especially when they had to deal with the big market crisis and growing tariff barriers as a result of that in the early thirties.
 [[File:F.X. Huller & Co advertentie 2.jpg|frameless|thumb|right]]
@@ Line 45: / Line 48: @@
 File:FX Huller world stamp op Wunderlich.png|<small>C.A.Wunderlich saxophone with World logo</small>
 </gallery>
+The  World logo is also found on this F tuba with top action rotary valves, built after a 1929 patent from Hüller. See also the <strong>[[Top action rotary valve trumpets]]</strong> page.
+<gallery>File:FX_Huller_tarv_F_tornister.jpg</gallery>
 A very rare bird is this bariton horn with the new World logo but also the brand name Hüriemo. Which is an acronym for HÜller, RIedl and MOdl. A common practice in Graslitz and the nearby Markneukirchen. But so far I found only one instrument with this name. Maybe they choose pretty fast to use only the World model names.
@@ Line 53: / Line 58: @@
 File:Hüller logo bariton 1.JPG
 </gallery><small>Two F.X.Hüller & Co, Graslitz Czechoslovakia baritone horn with jazzy World logo. The one to the right is also branded Hüriemo, the one to the left has a lowered pitch </small>
+<gallery>File:F X Hüller ad 1929.jpg</gallery><small>F.X. Hüller ad from 1929, mentioning the Hüriemo brand and also the Jazzophone as a novelty.</small>
 Several years later in 1932, an additional catalog presents the cheaper Professional and Champion models and next to the World model there is a World de Luxe series (called World Luxus on the German market), for saxophones, trumpets and trombones. <small>(The mutes offered in this catalog are from the Shastock and Jedson brand.)</small>
 [[File:F.X. Huller & Co advertentie.jpg|thumb|center|<small> F.X.Hüller & Co ad with the model names Professional, Champion and World</small>]]
-In the early thirties Hüller & Co trumpets had one or two straight braces in the main tuning slide. Horn-u-copia features two early Hüller & Co trumpets with straight braces and a naked lady, a feature that was made famous by C.G.Conn.
+In the early thirties Hüller & Co trumpets had one or two straight braces in the main tuning slide. Horn-u-copia features an early Hüller & Co World trumpet with a straight brace and a naked lady, a feature that was made famous by C.G.Conn. In 2024 another World was for sale with two straight braces.
-<gallery>File:F.X.Hüller & Co World HUC.jpg
+<gallery>File:F.X.Hüller & Co World HUC.jpg|<small>F.X.Hüller & Co World, source:Horn-u-copia</small>
-File:F.X.Huller World Luxus HUC.jpg</gallery>
+File:Hüller World naked lady.jpg|<small>World trumpet with naked lady and two braces, valves numbered 58.59.60 source Ebay.com</small>
-<small>F.X.Hüller & Co World (left) and World Luxus (right) trumpets, both with a naked lady on the bell, source:Horn-u-copia</small>
+File:Hüller World naked lady 1.jpg
+</gallery>
+And here's a F.X. Hüller World Luxus, beautifully decorated and also with the naked lady.
+<gallery>
+File:World_Luxus_Mehlis.jpg
+World_Luxus_Mehlis_1.jpg
+World_Luxus_Mehlis_2.jpg</gallery>
+<small>F.X.Hüller World Luxus, source Auktionshaus Mehlis, 2018</small>
 <gallery>File:Katalog 1932 Professional Champion.jpeg
@@ Line 67: / Line 82: @@
 </gallery><small>F.X.Hüller & Co catalog pages from around 1932</small>
-At the end of the thirties the braces of the trumpets are bent in a way that reminds of the King Liberty trumpet models. The naked lady and the jazzy World logo disappear in favour of Art Deco styled engravings of the model names.
+At one point the naked lady and the jazzy World logo disappear in favour of Art Deco styled engravings of the model names. Below two World trumpets with such art deco engravings.
+<gallery>File:World jun 2022.jpg
+File:World jun 2022 1.jpg</gallery>
+<small>World trumpet, valves numbered 20, 21, 22 or something like that, source Ebay.de june 2022</small>
+<gallery>File:Huller World 0.jpg|<small>World trumpet, valve numbers 28,29,30</small>
+File:Huller World 1a.jpg</gallery>
+A postcard that was sent to relations inviting them to the Leipziger Mess in February-March 1937 mentions the Champion, World and Professsional saxophone models. Hüller advertises trumpets, alto- tenor- and french horns, flugelhorns, trombones, sousaphonen and the <b>[[Jazzophone]]</b>.
+<gallery>File:AK Hüller 1.jpg
+File:AK Hüller.jpg
+</gallery>
+<small>Business card for the 1937 Leipzig fair, sent to Rauscher musical instruments in Munich</small>
+At the end of the thirties the braces of the trumpets change from one or two straight braces to two half circles or two ellipses with a circle in between.
 <gallery>
 File:F.X.Huller Champion trompet 31,32,33 0.JPG
@@ Line 75: / Line 104: @@
 File:Champion FX Huller wohl in B und C 1.jpg
 </gallery><small>F.X.Hüller a spol, Kraslice, Champion trumpet, left: valve numbers 31,32,33, right: valve numbers 94,95,96</small>
+<gallery>
-<gallery>File:FX Huller World 0.JPG
+File:FX Huller World 0.JPG|<small>F.X.Hüller a Spol, World trumpet</small>
 File:FXHuller World 1.JPG
+File:F.X Hüller Super 0.jpg|<small> F.X.Hüller a Spol Kraslice, World Super trumpet </small>
+File:F.X.Hüller Super 1.jpg
 </gallery>
-<small>F.X.Hüller & Co World trumpet</small>
-In a F.X. Hüller & Co catalog dated 1939 the Professional model seems to have disappeared, and a World Super model is added, between the World and the World de Luxe. According to this catalog the World de Luxe is also available with hexagonal valve blocks, finger rings and waterkeys. A wink to the <strong>[[Arigra]]</strong> like trumpets of the time.
+These circle/ellipse braces are found in a F.X. Hüller & Co catalog dated 1939. Here the Professional model seems to have disappeared, and a World Super model is added, between the World and the World de Luxe. According to this catalog the World de Luxe is also available with hexagonal valve blocks, finger rings and waterkeys. A wink to the <strong>[[Arigra]]</strong> like trumpets of the time.
 <gallery>File:Katalog 1939 Champion World.jpg
@@ Line 87: / Line 118: @@
 File:Katalog trombone World Champion.jpg
 </gallery><small>Pages from a F.X.Hüller & Co catalog dated 1939, source: FXHuller.com.</small>
+Below a World Luxus, similar to the World de Luxe in the above catalog. Sold years ago by Musikhaus Louis in Saarbrücken with the story that is had been an object on the Leipziger Messe.
+ <gallery>File:World Luxus 2024 22,23,24.jpg
+File:World Luxus 2024 1.jpg
+</gallery><small>World Luxus, valve numbers 22,23,24, source Ebay.de 2024</small>
+In the catalog the half circles brace is found on a Champion model. But the trumpet below is a World model and has them also.
 <gallery>
-File:Hüller & Co basflugelhorn Klingende Sammlung.jpg
+File:FX Huller Sudetengau 2.jpg
-</gallery><small>F.X.Hüller & Co bass flugelhorn with World logo, coll.: Klingende Sammlung, Bern</small>
+File:FX Huller Sudetengau 0.jpg
+File:FX Huller Sudetengau 1.jpg
+</gallery><small>A F.X.Hüller & Co World, Graslitz, Sudetengau. That means it's from 1938 or later. source: ebay.de 2020</small>
+This one also has engraved 'Graslitz, Sudetengau', Sudetengau being the part of Czechosloavkia that was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938. It has no Art Deco engraving but a globe logo.
+Now the next trumpet is identical to the above Hüller Sudetengau World trumpet and similar Hüller trumpets with two half circles. But it's engraved 'Louis Armstrong' and 'USA', a pretty modest engraving compared to the exuberant Art Deco engravings above. I'm pretty sure it's a Hüller made stencil. It was played by Henk Baas (1924-2003), one of the founders of the Utrecht based NS orkest. According to his son, he started playing it when he was 19 or 20, so that would be around 1944.
+<gallery>File:Hüller 121,122,123 Louis Armstrong (16).png
+File:Hüller 121,122,123 Louis Armstrong (6).png
+File:Hüller 121,122,123 Louis Armstrong (15).png</gallery><small>trumpet branded Louis Armstrong USA, valve numbers 121,122,123, numbers on the mouthpipe 76 and 49</small>
+As Hüller switched to war production from 1939 onwards, I guess it has to be dated around 1939. Maybe Hüller & Co marketed the instrument under this name, or someone else marketed it, as Hüller is known to have made a lot of stencils (especially saxophones). In using Armstrongs name he was not the first, French instrument maker Selmer already came with an Armstrong signature trumpet in 1933.
+What's interesting is that after the war Ernst Modl offered Louis Armstrong one of his trumpets (by then branded Emo) and that Armstrong played two of them for a few years, instead of the Selmers he used to play since 1933. More about that in [https://brasspedia.com/index.php?title=Ernst_Modl_brass_instruments#The_story_about_Louis_Armstrong_playing_an_Emo/ the story about Louis Armstrong playing an Emo]
+==Some more F.X.Hüller & Co labelled instruments==
+<gallery>
+File:FX Huller draaiventiel (5).JPG|<small>F.X.Hüller & Co trumpet with World logo, coll.:Jos Weeland</small>
+File:FX Huller draaiventiel 1.JPG
+File:Hüller & Co basflugelhorn Klingende Sammlung.jpg|<small>F.X.Hüller & Co bass flugelhorn with World logo, coll.: Klingende Sammlung, Bern</small>
+File:F.X. Hüller & Co Huber flugel.png|<small>F.X. Hüller & Co flugel and trumpet sold by G.Huber, Timisoara, with World logo</small>
+File:F.X. Hüller & Co Huber trompet.png
+</gallery>
+<gallery>
+File:F.X.Huller Lwow.jpg
+File:F.X.Huller Lwow 1.jpg
+File:F.X. Huller Lwow 2.jpg
+File:F.X.Huller Lwow 3.jpg
+</gallery>
+<small>F.X.Hüller & Co World bass trumpet, used by vocational school D.Z. Lwow No. 20, (which is Lviv in Ukrain) source Ebay.de 2024</small>
 <gallery>File:F.X. Huller a spol trombone 1.jpg
@@ Line 105: / Line 173: @@
 File:F.X. Hüller bombardino 3.jpg
 </gallery><small>F.X.Hüller & Co, Graslitz bombardino with World logo, source: milanuncios.com</small>
+<gallery>
+File:F.X.Huller 4 valve baritone.jpg|<small>F.X.Hüller & Co, Graslitz 4 valve baritone with World logo, source: SS.com</small>
+File:F.X.Huller 4 valve baritone 1.jpg
+File:F.X.Hüller tenorhorn.jpg|<small>F.X.Hüller & Co, Graslitz tenor horn with World logo, source: Yorkmaster</small>
+File:F.X.Hüller tenorhorn 1.jpg
+</gallery>
 <gallery>File:Huller sousaphon representant G Huller.jpg
 File:Huller sousaphone representant G Huber.jpg
 </gallery><small>F.X.Hüller & Co, Graslitz sousaphon, traded by G.Huber in Romania.</small>
+<gallery>
+File:Huller World sous.jpg
+File:Huller World sous 1.jpg
+</gallery><small>Huller sousaphone model World</small>
 <gallery>File:F.X.Hüller World bas 3.JPG
 File:F.X.Hüller World bas logo.jpg</gallery><small>F.X.Hüller & Co, Graslitz C.S.R, kaiserbas, 123 cm high and a bell diameter of 61 cm, coll.Uwe Schneider</small>
+<gallery>
+File:F.X.Hüller & Co.jpg
+</gallery><small>F. X. Hüller & Co French horn, source Ebay.ca, 2024</small>
+<gallery>File:FX Hüller Huber set 2.png
+File:FX Hüller Huber logo zonder world.png
+</gallery><small>Set of F.X. Hüller & Co instruments, traded by G Huber in Timisoara (Romania), sold by Hotel des Ventes des Notaires in Strasbourg, February 2024. I guess an alto horn, tenor horn, Eb tuba and Bb tuba, the smallest measuring 49 cm. The two smallest instruments have a shield with the 'World' logo, the two largest instruments have a shield without.</small>
 There are only a few F.X.Hüller & Co labelled (brass) instruments around, the main reason being that it were mainly the traders that put their name on the instruments, not the makers. Or there was no name at all to be found. I haven't started to research those F.X.Hüller & Co brass instrument stencils. Only one example I researched extensively: the <strong>[[Jazzophone]]</strong>, I found some 30 Jazzophones. I believe most of them were made by Hüller & Co, but only one bears their name. Five are branded C.A. Wunderlich, a trader from the nearby Siebenbrunn, one is named Johan Michl & Sohn, another Graslitz instrument maker. The others have no name as far as I know. I don't know if that's representative for the Hüller brass production as a whole, but it might be an indication. On the [http://www.fxhuller.com/ fxhuller.com site] you'll find an impressive overview of the Hüller saxophone stencil production. Again: I don't know if that's representative for the brass production, but it gives an idea. Chasing 'Hüller' saxophone stencils turns out to be possible, for brass instruments it's really difficult, partly
@@ Line 128: / Line 216: @@
 Ernst Modl might be behind these F.X.Hüller & Co patents as Hüller himself was already in his 70's by then and Modl has a reputation as 'inventor' and listed a lot more patents after WWII (see below).
 <gallery widths="150" heights="150">
-File:FX Huller Champion 1.jpg
+File:FXHuller Champion tarv.jpg
-File:FX Huller Champion 2.jpg
+File:FXHuller Champion tarv 1.jpg
-File:FX Huller Champion 0.jpg
+File:FXHuller Champion tarv 3.jpg
 </gallery>
-<small> F.X.Hüller a Spol, Graslitz, top action rotary valve trumpet, model Champion</small>
+<small> F.X.Hüller a Spol Kraslice, top action rotary valve trumpet, model Champion</small>
 [[File:Hüller ad Artist 48 1930 no2305.jpg|thumb|left|<small>F.X Hüller & Co ad with the Jazzophon, source Artist 48, 1930</small>]]
@@ Line 143: / Line 231: @@
 In an adress overview of Graslitz that's dated around 1938 'F.K. Hüller' is still listed on Knapschaftsgasse nr 1066, the villa next to the factory. But at a certain point Ernst Modl and his family must have moved in, because at the end of the war they are registered at this address.
+As a side note, Pavel Palůch notes in an article in 'Sokolovsko' that former German residents of Kraslice remember Ernst Modl as a member of the German Theater Association ("Deutscher Theaterverein ”), where from the founding until the takeover of the association by the former German Labor Front (“ Deutsche Arbeitsfront ”) he was available as a director and very often together with his wife as an actor.
 =WWII=
@@ Line 151: / Line 240: @@
 ===Military horns===
-As of 1939 F.X.Hüller & Co and other factories were used to build aircraft parts and war equipment. (Dullat 400). But in those years there were still all kind of instruments made. Traditionally Hüller had built instruments for the military. The tenor horn and the alto sax with WL inscription below were built for the music corpses of the airforce (Wehrmacht Luftwaffe), the horn for the music corps of Gebirgsjäger Regiment 139 (Mountaneer regiment).
+As of 1939 F.X.Hüller & Co and other factories were used to build aircraft parts and war equipment. (Dullat 400). But in those years there were still all kind of instruments made (mainly) for the military. Traditionally Hüller had built instruments for the military. The tenor horn and the alto sax with WL inscription below were built for the music corpses of the airforce (Wehrmacht Luftwaffe), the horn for the music corps of Gebirgsjäger Regiment 139 (Mountaneer regiment).
 [[File:F.X. HÜLLER & CO GRASLITZ 1939 Bb flugel Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|left|<small>Inscribed on bell "II. / Geb. Jäg. Rgt. 139 / F.X. HÜLLER & CO. / GRASLITZ / SUDETENGAU / 1939"; on valve bottom caps "45", "43", "44". coll.: Edinburgh Musical Instrument Museum</small>]][[File:F.X Huller tenor horn Graslitz Sudetengau 1939.JPG|thumb|center|<small>F. X. HÜLLER & CO GRASLITZ -  SUDETENGAU - 157 WL - 1939</small>]]
 <gallery>File:F X Huller 1939.JPG
@@ Line 159: / Line 248: @@
 Hüller produced also bugles for the Hitler Jugend and the German Army. They all have a year of production engraved.
+Below is an F.X Hüller bugle for the Landesdienst (Land Service) of the Hitlerjugend, dated 1939. It has an engraved eagle and swastika underneath. To the side of the bugle is engraved in gothic script “Landesdienst der HJ” with a Hitler Youth diamond below. T
+<gallery>
+File:FX Huller 1939 Landdienst HJ.jpg|<small>Landesdienst HJ bugle 1939</small>
+File:FX Huller 1939 Landdienst HJ 1.jpg
+File:FX Huller 1939 Landdienst HJ 2.jpg
+</gallery>
 [[File:HJ bugle in C.jpg|thumb|right|<small>Hitler Jugend bugle F.X. HÜLLER & CO, GRASLITZ, 1939, source: Collectors Guild Inc germanmilitaria.com</small>]] Each Hitler Jugend Bann had a band and each Stamm had a Drum & Fife or Drum & Bugle Corps. The bugles were modeled after the old Army pattern and were tuned to "C". Brass and German nickel/silver construction. The chain is to secure the mouth piece to the bugle. Total height is approximately 28cm. It has a raised HJ pattern eagle, clutching a sword and hammer with swastika superimposed to breast, to horn top.
-I found several army bugles. <gallery>File:F.X._HÜLLER_&_CO_GRASLITZ_1939_bugle.jpg|<small>Signal bugle F.X. Hüller & Co Graslitz 1939, source Worthpoint.com</small>
+I found several army bugles, approximately 10" tall. <gallery>File:F.X._HÜLLER_&_CO_GRASLITZ_1939_bugle.jpg|<small>Signal bugle F.X. Hüller & Co Graslitz 1939, source Worthpoint.com</small>
 File:F.X. Huller & CO, Graslitz, 1939 signal bugle.jpg|<small>World War II German Army Signal Bugle. F.X. Huller & Co, Graslitz, 1939, source Worthpoint.com</small>
 File:Signalhorn Wehrmacht F.X.Huller 1939.jpg|<small>Wehrmacht signal horn F.X.Hüller Graslitz 1939 source: ww2.ru</small>
-File:Signalhorn Wehrmacht FX Huller 1939 1.jpg</gallery>
+File:Signalhorn Wehrmacht FX Huller 1939 1.jpg
+File:F.X. Huller & Co. Graslitz 1939.jpg|<small>signal horn marked F.X. Huller & Co. Graslitz 1939 source: Worthpoint.com</small></gallery>
 A seller of one of the army signal horn adds: these were carried by German soldiers throughout the war. Most of the photos of these are from the early war period when the Germans still had enough infantry soldiers that they could launch large scale infantry type offensive operations.
-It's interesting that, where Hüller & Co never dated their instruments (and in the case of brass even no serial numbers are known) these instruments are all dated 1939. [[File:FX Huller & Co 1940 2.jpg|thumb|left|<small>World War II German Army Signal Bugle. F.X. Huller & Co, Graslitz, 1940 source: Ebay.fr</small>]]I found one similar F.X.Hüller & Co bugle dated 1940 and that's it for now. As far as I know no other dates are found on instruments (except from the 'Copyright 1938' date on saxophones, which refers to a Herbert Menge patent, but that's a different story). The other thing is that these instruments are all related to the military. Was there an obligation (from the Nazis) to produce instruments only for the army (and Hitler Jugend...). Had they to be dated because of the scarse copper? Similar dating is found on WWII bugles from other makers, on bugles around WW1 and on UK bugles.
+It's interesting that, where Hüller & Co never dated their instruments (and in the case of brass even no serial numbers are known) these instruments are almost all dated 1939. [[File:FX Huller & Co 1940 2.jpg|thumb|left|<small>World War II German Army Signal Bugle. F.X. Huller & Co, Graslitz, 1940 source: Ebay.fr</small>]][[File:FX Huller signalhorn 1941 1.jpg|thumb|right|<small>World War II German Army Signal Bugle. F.X. Huller & Co, Graslitz, 1941 source: Catawiki.nl</small>]]  I found one similar F.X.Hüller & Co bugle dated 1940 and and one dated 1941 and that's it for now. As far as I know no other dates are found on instruments (except from the 'Copyright 1938' date on saxophones, which refers to a Herbert Menge patent, but that's a different story). The other thing is that these instruments are all related to the military. Was there an obligation (from the Nazis) to produce instruments only for the army (and Hitler Jugend...). Had they to be dated because of the scarse copper? Similar dating is found on WWII bugles from other makers, on bugles around WW1 and on UK bugles.
-Ernst Modl claimed a patent at the German Reich patent office (of which Czechoslovakia now was part) for a ball joint connection for rotary valves in wind instruments. He claimed it October 4th 1940 it was granted on December 24th 1942 and published in Januar 1943. (pdf to be attached)
+Ernst Modl claimed a patent at the German Reich patent office (of which Czechoslovakia now was part) for a ball joint connection for rotary valves in wind instruments. He claimed it October 4th 1940 it was granted on December 24th 1942 and published in Januar 1943.
+The full text of this patent, nr DE000000730876A at [https://brasspedia.com/index.php?title=Ernst_Modl%27s_patents Ernst Modl's patents].
 Soon afterwards production of musical instruments stopped completely. The company is said to have been closed during World War 2. But, like other factories, the premisses were used for war production.
@@ Line 177: / Line 274: @@
 ===War economy===
-After the annexation Sudetenland was quickly incorporated in the German war economy. In the Sudetengau, there was neither war equipment nor ammunition production before the outbreak of war. Therefore new businesses had to be created. The most important new forges in the Sudeten area were state-owned companies built according to the "Montan scheme". The Montan scheme was based on trust agreements between the German Reich and the private sector. Private companies (parent companies) received an order from the Army Inspectorate (HWA) for the construction of an armaments company at government expense. A shell contract was concluded between a parent company and the HWA and a subsidiary was founded, which leased the plant from the army's own society for Montanindustrie GmbH (Montan GmbH). In this way, at least 119 companies were created by the end of the war, employing 190,000 people on November 1, 1944. According to this principle, six large arms factories were founded in the Sudetengau in 1939-1940, which were generally treated preferentially in the allocation of labor. Nevertheless, the newly founded ammunition factories in the Sudetengau suffered from labor shortages.
+After the annexation Sudetenland was quickly incorporated in the German war economy. The territory of the Czech Republic was considered fairly safe from bombings during the Nazi regime. Especially in the final stages of World War II, this lead the concentration camps of  Auschwitz,  Flossenbürg (eastern Bavaria) und  Groß-Rosen (Lower Silesia) to establish an extensive system of subcamps for armament production in the Sudetengau, the border areas which had been annexed by the German "Reich" in 1938, and in the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia. In the Sudetengau, there was neither war equipment nor ammunition production before the outbreak of war. Therefore new businesses had to be created. The most important new forges in the Sudeten area were state-owned companies built according to the "Montan scheme". The Montan scheme was based on trust agreements between the German Reich and the private sector. Private companies (parent companies) received an order from the Army Inspectorate (HWA) for the construction of an armaments company at government expense. A shell contract was concluded between a parent company and the HWA and a subsidiary was founded, which leased the plant from the army's own society for Montanindustrie GmbH (Montan GmbH). In this way, at least 119 companies were created by the end of the war, employing 190,000 people on November 1, 1944. According to this principle, six large arms factories were founded in the Sudetengau in 1939-1940, which were generally treated preferentially in the allocation of labor. Nevertheless, the newly founded ammunition factories in the Sudetengau suffered from labor shortages.
 ===Emo Leichtmetallbau, Ernst Modl & Co. KG===
 On 29-01-1941 Ernst Modl becomes the only company representative for F.X.Hüller & Co. The 1941 edition of Compass, Kommerzielles Jahrbuch Sudetenland lists F.X. Hüller & Co, Graslitz and as of 1942 Ernst Modl appears in the Jahrbuch with a separate entry. The 1944 version still lists both F.X. Hüller & Co, Graslitz and Ernst Modl & Co Komm.-Ges. (Kommanditgesellschaft, Ltd ) Grunberg.
 The archive of the Bank der deutschen Luftfahrt AG 1933-1945 lists Emo Leichtmetallbau, Ernst Modl & Co. KG, Grünberg/Sudetenland (until Nov. 1941: F. X. Hüller & Co., Werk II). There's also an audit report ( Prüfungsbericht) from 1939, a Balance sheet, income statement (Bilanz, Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung) from 1940, a location map from Grunberg/Zelena Hora and a company history from 1942.
-My hypothesis is that as of 1941 Ernst Modl used Emo Leichtmetallbau, Ernst Modl & Co. KG as a separate company for the war efforts.
+As of 1941 Ernst Modl used Emo Leichtmetallbau, Ernst Modl & Co. KG as a separate company for the war efforts.
 The archive of the Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand AG, 1925-1945 (in the Bundesarchiv) contains the (audits of the) financial statements as of 31 Dec. 1941 and 1942 of Emo Leichtmetallbau, Ernst Modl & Co. KG, Grünberg bei Graslitz. The archive of Bank der deutschen Luftfahrt also contains a contract between the German Reich and the Modl company from 1942/1943 and an additional contract from 1945 (Vertrag zwischen dem Deutschen Reich und der Firma, 1942/43, und Zusatzvertrag, 1945).
-There is also a document about the employment of 142 Russian workers in 1942 and arrests in 1943. (Bundesarchiv: Verstöße gegen die Betriebsordnung.- Verhaftungen bei der Firma EMO-Leichtmetallbau, Grünberg begin 1943. ) There's an extract of the commercial register from Oktober 21st 1944 and a Dr. Rieffert is mentioned as the sole manager and operator in 1944. Maybe the Nazis had taken over complete control by then?
+There is also a document about the employment of 142 Russian workers in 1942 and arrests in 1943. (Bundesarchiv: Verstöße gegen die Betriebsordnung.- Verhaftungen bei der Firma EMO-Leichtmetallbau, Grünberg begin 1943. ) There's an extract of the commercial register from Oktober 21st 1944 and a Dr. Rieffert is mentioned as the sole manager and operator in 1944.
-Maybe these documents can reveal if Modl was in the above mentioned scheme, they have to be researched yet.
+On a separate page the operation of <strong>[[Emo Leichtmetallbau, Ernst Modl & Co]]</strong> in the context of the war economy is further explored, based on these documents.
 ===Forced labor===
-The work at the Emo factory, located on the premisses of F.X. Hüller, was done by laborers from different sources, not only Russians. EMO owned a work camp were  workers of various nationalities - the Czechs (19%), the Russians (61%), the French (12%), the Belgians (5%), the Dutch (3%) who were totally employed at EMO were interned. During the camp's existence - from February 1942 to April 1945 - there lived 450 people, including 4 women, wives of total workers, and 2 children born in the camp. (Tábory utrpení a smrti, Růžena Bubeníčková et al)  ,
+The work at the Emo factory was done by laborers from different sources, not only Russians. EMO owned a work camp were  workers of various nationalities - the Czechs (19%), the Russians (61%), the French (12%), the Belgians (5%), the Dutch (3%) who were totally employed at EMO were interned. During the camp's existence - from February 1942 to April 1945 - there lived 450 people, including 4 women, wives of total workers, and 2 children born in the camp. (Tábory utrpení a smrti, Růžena Bubeníčková et al)  ,
 Jules van Egdom, from Belgium was such a forced laborer at EMO from 09.08.1944 tot 10.04.1945. According to Van Egdom the camp for Modl was in Schwaderbach (now Bublava), some 4 kilometers north. He knew that there were made musical instruments at that location before. Previously he worked in Fischamend and Schwadorf near Vienna (WNF Wiener Neustäter Flugzeugwerke), later in Kratzau (Spreewerk) until the liberation by the Russians.
-<gallery>File:Jules van Egdom Ausweis.JPG
+<gallery>
-Jules_van_Egdom_dienstbevel.JPG</gallery><small>Ausweis and Gestellungsbefehl from Jules van Egdom, declaring that he was working at EMO Leichtmetallbau.</small>
+File:Jules van Egdom (2).JPG
+File:Jules van Egdom Ausweis.JPG
+Jules_van_Egdom_dienstbevel.JPG</gallery><small>Jules van Egdom, and his Ausweis and Gestellungsbefehl, declaring that he was working at EMO Leichtmetallbau.</small>
 [[File:Swaderbach 0.jpg|thumb|left|<small>The Emo/Hüller factory was at Grunberg (Zelená Hora), the workers camp at Schwaderbach (Bublava)</small>]] [[File:Theo_Geijssen.jpg|thumb|right|<small>Theo Geijssen</small>]]Another forced laborer was Dutchman Theo Geijssen from Utrecht (1923-2013). He was in Graslitz before Van Egdom and his description makes me believe that he was at the EMO factory as well.  "I was in Czechoslovakia too, it must have been in 1943. A group was selected and they went to Regensburg to work in the Messerschmidt factories, which were a little further away. But when we arrived in Regensburg, those factories were bombed and so we couldn't go to work there. So we split up again and went to Graslitz, a place in the mountains, where there was a village with a machine factory, and then we had to go to work there. We slept again in a Lager. We were there for about half a year, no longer. In Czechoslovakia we had no freedom at all, we didn't see much there either. You had to go all the way up the mountain, there you were sleeping. And then down, you were exhausted in the evening. I stood there all day behind a lathe, I had the day shift, you also had night shifts, which stood behind the same machine as where I was. Then I got comments that those from the night shift made 20 pieces of something and I only 10. So I had to work harder and when I said that I could not work harder, that machine had to be set faster. So I let that machine run faster and then it crashed, haha! It was not on purpose, of course not. If you didn't do what they said they threatened you to go to a concentration camp that was nearby, Theresiënstadt, a very tough camp. Of course you didn't feel like it at all."
-The National Socialist war economy had an almost insatiable hunger for ever new workers. First the need for labor could be largely covered by the use of civilian foreign workers (like Van Egdom and Geijsen) and prisoners of war, but the labor market collapsed in the summer of 1944 due to the lack of influx. Forced labor was an essential pillar of the National Socialist economic system in both the Sudetengau and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The massive expansion of the network of KZ satellite camps in 1944 was a reaction to the drying up of the influx of previously used groups of forced laborers. Thus, in many cases, a barely comprehensible genealogy of various camps with different groups of forced laborers developed in the same place.
-===Luftfahrtgerätewerke Hakenfelde===
-The first private enterprise, which established an external production camp in Sudetengau in December 1943, was the Siemens subsidiary Luftfahrtgerätewerke Hakenfelde GmbH (LGW), which operated another warehouse until the end of the war in Graslitz (Kraslice). These formed together with other satellite camps in neighboring Saxony and Bavaria, a separate sub-camp network. LGW relocated from Berlin to the territory of Sudeten, among others, to protect against air strikes. The headquarter for this branch became the textile firm (velvet production) J.L. De Ball, (now Sametex). (Untere Bahnhofstrasse/ Richard Wagnerstrasse 830 now Československé armády). The plants were housed in two facilities, 1 und II, in the factory buildings of Hupfer & Sohn (a woolen goods factory, at the Lehrerplatz/Dukelská, the former Hlawatsch & Isbary, since 1918 part of Vereinigten Schafwollwaren-Fabriken-A.G. until 1939, now housing the Amati factory), Julius Keilwerth (saxophone factory), Steubing & Co., (Maschinenfabrik, in 1941 listed as munition production, from 1939 in the former factory of Anton Richard Breinl,  229, 231,232 S munition production SudetenCompass 1941,1942, 1944) Hans Rölz (a musical toy company at Wolkerova 1269), and EMO Leichtmetallwerke in the Grunberg/Zelená Hora part of Graslitz.
-<gallery>File:Hans Rölz Wolkerova 1289.jpg|<small>Hans Rölz, Wolkerova čp 1289</small>
-File:4Keilwerth nu Havlíckova 1348.jpg|<small>Julius Keilwerth, Havlíčkova 1348</small>
-File:Hlawatsch & Isbary 44.jpg|<small>Hupfer & Sohn/the former Hlawatsch & Isbary/now Amati, Dukelská 44</small>
-File:Steubing & Co former AR Breinl.jpg|<small>Steubing & Co, the former AR Breinl,ul. 5. května čp. 231</small>
-File:JL Ball Sametex.jpg|<small>J.L.Ball, now Sametex, Československé armády čp. 830</small></gallery>
-The relocation of a part of the LGW production to Kraslice was based on the creation of Arbeitslager Graslitz (Kamp Graslitz) at the De Ball factory. Milena Kalčíková, a prisoner in the camp of Svatý Kateřina, went to the new Graslitz camp to assemble the beds. She remembers: "The Kraslice camp was such a red building at the station. Burnt bricks." The camp was a women's camp. The (female) prisoners were housed on the floor above the factory hall of De Ball. Another source states that the womens camp was located in the former Durst & Krey dyeing plant at the riverside of the De Ball-complex. At the beginning of August 1944, the first 150 women from KT Ravensbrück were relocated to Kraslice. The Kraslice district camp was originally governed by KT Ravensbrück, but since September 1, 1944, it was included under the Flossenbürg KT.  In December there were already 483 prisoners. In March and April 1945 this number increased rapidly to the number of 900. The cause was evacuation transport of other camps, as it was in the case of Svatavy. Kalčíková: "Most of the women in the camp belonged to the German 'asocials', the rest a few 'political' Russians, a French woman, a few 'asocial' Polish. There were also 15 Czech political prisoners and 29 Czech and Slovak gypsies."
-At the Hans Rölz factory the Messerschmidt 262 was build in 1944. In the J.L. de Ball factory parts for fighter planes of the German Air Force, possibly also parachutes, and hammocks for the Afrika Korps were made. At EMO Leichtmetallbau the tail pieces and parts of the landing gear for aircrafts were made.
-There now is a textile company (Sametex S.A.) in the former camp. There is a commemorative plaque on the wall of the building with the inscription: "Arbeitslager Graslitz, branch of KZ Flossenbürg was located in this building in the 2nd World War".
 =After WWII=
@@ Line 242: / Line 325: @@
 In 1952 the legislation on compensation for war damage (Lastenausgleichsgesetz) was adopted. In the archive of the Heimatauskunfststelle Regierungsbezirk Eger, Emo Leichtmetallbau is mentioned in 1953.
-The old buildings of F.X.Hüller/Emo Leichtmetallbau in Graslitz are today used by a concrete company. In the early 2000's there were parts of John Deere tractors en machinery made.
+The old buildings of F.X.Hüller in Graslitz are today used by a concrete company, Českomoravský. In the early 2000's there were parts of John Deere tractors en machinery made. In 2011 there's a picture of the inside where it was used as a production hall of an engineering company. The buildings of Emo Leichtmetallbau in Zelena Hora/Grunberg were in the post-war history the long-term seat of plant 07 of the company AUTOBRZDY n. P. Jablonec n. N., where the production of air brake cylinders was located (the building was purchased in 1965). Today, the company Kukal & Uhlíř, s. R. O. uses it.
 ==Neustadt an der Aisch==
-From Nürnberg, where the train brought him, Ernst Modl went 44 km northwest to Neustadt a/d Aisch, his first known adress being Nürnberger Strasse 27. [[File:Nürnbergerstrasse 27 Neustadt.jpg|thumb|left|<small>Nürnberger Strasse 27, Neustadt a/d/Aisch</small>]]Not much is known about his first years there. There is a story Mario Rippert told me, that after his expulsion Modl should have become the manager in London for Selmer London. He had good contacts to Premier Drum and Selmer London before the war as he made components for the drum manufacturing. He was there for a week and looked at it, but then went back to Neustadt a/d Aisch, said 'they only have tea-time'. He was just used to work.
+From Nürnberg, where the train brought him, Ernst Modl first went to the Flüchtling Lager, the refugee camp in Fierst, a small village near Ebern, where he stayed from September 8th till September 29th. Then he went 44 km northwest to Neustadt a/d Aisch, where he first was registered at the adress Bambergerstrasse 30. On Oktober 2nd he fills in a registration form. This form was an obligation following the denazification law of the American military government. The denazification was aimed at separating the nazi war criminals from the fellow travellers and the others. Modl states that he had been a paying (RM 2,50 per month) member of the NSDAP from 1939 till 1945. The registration is followed by a procedure at an Arbitration Chamber (Spruchkammer).
-But on December 3rd 1949, he applies for a Gebrauchsmuster (a kind of 'patent light') for a mute with a sliding cup shaped part (a 'Husch-Husch'mute) for trumpets and trombones. His 'invention' is a rubber ring keeping the two parts tied instead of screws, making the sliding faster and easier. It's granted May 22nd 1950. In the application form he calls himself Musikinstrumentenmacher. At the same time he claims a patent for the impregnation of cardboard made mutes with 'IGECOLL F', a product of BASF, the Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik.
+The public prosecutor wants to list him as a fellow travellor, Modl first complains and claims to have been politically persecuted, because of his arrest and imprisonment by the Gestapo. He presents documents about his release form prison, testimonies of a former archbishop who was with him in prison, of 7 Czech and one Russian workers who state that he behaved well against all the foreigners in his factory, and that nothing wrong could be told about him. He also provides a document that makes clear that he wasn't allowed to have  any influence in the company after his release from prison.
+There's also a document from the Graslitz antifascist comité, stating that he's right about his role in the NSDAP, that he had behaved well against prisoners of war, politically dissenters and other workers in his company. He was no dangerous nazi but he was a beneficiary, who was convicted to 6 months prison because of tax avoiding.
+After a meeting with the president of the Arbitration Chamber Modl acknowledged that he had not actively resisted the nazi's and he was placed in group 4, the followers, and fined with RM50.
+Later on he moved to  Nürnberger Strasse 27. [[File:Nürnbergerstrasse 27 Neustadt.jpg|thumb|left|<small>Nürnberger Strasse 27, Neustadt a/d/Aisch</small>]]There is a story Mario Rippert told me, that after his expulsion Modl should have become the manager in London for Selmer London. He had good contacts to Premier Drum and Selmer London before the war as he made components for the drum manufacturing. He was there for a week and looked at it, but then went back to Neustadt a/d Aisch, said 'they only have tea-time'. He was just used to work.
+On December 3rd 1949, he applies for a Gebrauchsmuster (a kind of 'patent light') for a mute with a sliding cup shaped part (a 'Husch-Husch'mute) for trumpets and trombones. His 'invention' is a rubber ring keeping the two parts tied instead of screws, making the sliding faster and easier. It's granted May 22nd 1950. In the application form he calls himself Musikinstrumentenmacher. At the same time he claims a patent for the impregnation of cardboard made mutes with 'IGECOLL F', a product of BASF, the Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik. Full text at [https://brasspedia.com/index.php?title=Ernst_Modl%27s_patents Ernst Modl's patents]
 Modl started production in Neustadt a/d Aisch under the name F.X.Hüller & Co, Blechblasinstrumente, founded 01-01-1950 (or 05-09-1950?). He didn't make saxophones anymore. He started without money with repairs in an old pigsty, started with the production of mutes, then the production of rotary valves is added. The company’s first new instruments were built in the early 1950’s. Anton Riedl’s son, Franz Riedl (3-3-1927 / 1-9-2008) joined Modl in the resurrected business. Like his father, Riedl’s primary contribution was made in administration and sales, next to his job as musician.
-On May 5th 1950 he applies for another mute patent, this time for a wow-wow mute, the invention being that the mute was made of presspan (cardboard) instead of aluminium and the two parts stuck together. The application form has no drawings attached but I guess the idea is a bit like the right mute below, that's still for sale. (pdf to be added)
+On May 5th 1950 he applies for another mute patent, this time for a wow-wow mute, the invention being that the mute was made of presspan (cardboard) instead of aluminium and the two parts stuck together. The application form has no drawings attached but I guess the idea is a bit like the right mute below, that's still for sale. Full text again at [https://brasspedia.com/index.php?title=Ernst_Modl%27s_patents Ernst Modl's patents]
 <gallery>File:Emo wow wow alu.png|<small>Emo aluminium wow-wow mute, source: Thomann.de</small>
 File:Emo wow wow kunststof.png|<small>Emo plastic wow-wow mute, source: Thomann.de</small>
@@ Line 264: / Line 351: @@
 ==Diespeck an der Aisch==
 [[File:Emo Diespeck.jpg|thumb|left|<small>The Emo factory in Diespeck, built in 1954, extended in 1956. In 2017 it was removed to build a home for the elderly</small>]]
-In 1954 Modl started the construction of a new company building in Diespeck near Neustadt a/d Aisch, at Sudetenstrasse 7, some 6 km away from the original location. This was registered 10-10-1954. The architect was the husband of his his daughter. In 1956 followed by an extension/enlargement of the workshop, in the end with 60 employees.
+In 1954 Modl started the construction of a new company building at Sudetenstrasse 7 in Diespeck near Neustadt a/d Aisch, some 6 km away from the original location. This was registered 10-10-1954. The architect was the husband of his daughter Adrienne Valter. In 1956 followed by an extension/enlargement of the workshop, in the end with 60 employees.
 In 1962 there came a residential building above the factory. In 1963 Modl lives at Zeppelinstrasse 9, Neustadt a/d Aisch, now the adress of Schmidt Verlagsdruckerei.
+In 1955 he was listed as one of the 3456 participants at the Internationale Frankfurter Frühlingsmesse (March 4-8th 1955), where he was in the company of other former Graslitz and now German producers like Julius Keilwerth and Franz Sandner, Hopf & Co, Alois Langhammer, the Gemeinschaft der Graslitzer Musikinstrumentenerzeuger (later Miraphone) and Böhm & Meinl.
 In the meantime Modl applied for a few other patents. In 1956 he patented a tuning device for piston trumpets (DE000001726634U). In 1957 a patent for pushing the springs in a rotary valve was patented (DE000001744665U) and a device for making the core of rotary valves (DE000001029215A). In 1959 he patented a new rotary valve design (DE000001111487A) where the valve casings were made of two parts pressed together.
 In 1960 there was a patent for a rotary valve for brass instruments (DE000001813388U) and another in 1963 (DE000001880190U)and a piston valve for brass instruments (DE000001880191). In 1963 he also patented a ball joint for rotary valves.
+<gallery>File:Late 1950s willy hopf co catalog.jpg</gallery><small>Willy Hopf & Co catalog page, late fifties.</small>
+In the late fifties Emo World and Emo Champion trumpets and trombones pop up in a catalog of Willy Hopf & Co from Taunusstein, near Frankfurt. On the same page the Selmer Invicta and the Selmer Paris. The Selmer Paris is offered in two bores, 19 called Armstrong, 23 called Harry James.
+<gallery>File:Musika 0.jpg</gallery><small>Lindberg catalog page, late fifties</small>
+The Emo World is also offered in the Müsika mail order catalog of Lindberg, München, from the same period. Priced DM 288-327, depending on the version, it's the most expensive trumpet offered in this catalog. Here Louis Armstrong is quoted as an endorser of Emo trumpets, saying "ít's the best instrument I played in my whole life." More about that below.
+In the 'ABC der deutschen Wirtschaft' from 1966 F.X. Hüller& Co, Inh. Ernst Modl in Neustadt a/d Aisch is listed as exporting to all countries, producing brass wind instruments, signal instruments, parts, and specilizing in trumpets, trombones, waldhorns, rotary and piston valves.
+[[File:ABC der Deutsche Wirtschaft 1966.jpg]]<small>ABC der deutschen Wirtschaft 1966</small>
+In the 'Export Directory of the Blue Book of Europe Ltd of 1972 F.X.Hüller & Co still is listed as delivering trumpets, cornets, trombones, tenor horns and signal horns.
+[[File:FX Huller ad 1972.jpg|thumb|left|<small>ad 1972</small>]][[File:Ernst Modl at 80.jpg|thumb|right|<small> Ernst Modl at 80</small>]]
+On the Drumcorpsplanet forum member 'Hornsup' describes the factory. He went there as a representant of Smith Music Sales, for whom Modl produced bugles. He visited the factory in 1972 and describes it like this: "The factory was essentially an assembly plant, with most components from other suppliers. The bells were spun in a bell-only factory in Gerhardsried (this must be Geretsried, ed.), right across town from Meinl-Weston (Hornsup also visited Meinl-Weston. It's some three hours drive from Diespeck,ed.). Valve clusters and miscellaneous hardware were also sourced out, although the rotary valves were fabricated onsite. They had a crude drawbench, and could bend up all these components and then hold them together with baling wire while they soldered in a few random braces.
+The none-too-great chromeplating was done in Nürnburg, but to keep things American the cases were manufactured in good old Elkhorn Wisconsin.
+I was supposed to go to the factory in 1969 to do some QC (quality control) and product development of a flügel model, but Uncle Sam had other ideas. ... Nobody in the factory had ANY idea of how these instruments were being deployed.....
+Tony (DeMarco, by then owner of Smith Music Sales, ed.) sent me to the factory for six weeks in the spring of 1972, to do QC and product development. But I realized the first time I walked through that facility that my assignment was hopeless. The facilities, the knowledge, and the craftsmanship just weren't there. I developed a set of prototypes, which were finished and shown at DCA (Drum Corps Associates) that year. But it was too late, Herr Mödl passed away a month later and the factory closed."
+[[File:Ernst Modl.jpg|thumb|left|<small>Ernst Modl</small>]]
+[[File:Adrienne Valter, juli 2012.gif|thumb|right|<small>Adrienne Valter in 2012</small>]]
-In the 'Export Directory of the Blue Book of Europe Ltd of 1972 F.X.Hüller & Co, Inhaber Ernst Modl in Diespeck bei Neustadt a/d Aisch still is listed as delivering trumpets, cornets, trombones, tenor horns and signal horns.
+After Ernst Modl dies on September 9th 1972, his daughter Adrienne Valter (12.10.1920 † 23.05.2017) closes the factory in 1973 (50-60 craftsman by then). [[File:Ernst Modl 79.jpg|thumb|left|<small>Ernst Modl pictured in the bell of a trumpet at the age of 79, picture: Harald J. Munzinger</small>]]
-On the Drumcorpsplanet forum member Hornsup describes the factory he visited in 1972: "The factory was essentially an assembly plant, with most components from other suppliers. The bells were spun in a bell-only factory in Gerhardsried, right across town from Meinl-Weston (this must be Geretsried, some three hours drive,ed.). Valve clusters and miscellaneous hardware were also sourced out, although the rotary valves were fabricated onsite."
+The workmaster from Modl, Andreas Schmidt would have gladly taken over after his death.
+But it was too much financially and then he started his own workshop under the name Schmidtco at Schleifmühlstrasse 57, Diespeck and took over several lathes from Emo. Schmidt also maintained the signal horn business for the Belgian military.
-When Ernst Modl dies in 1972, his daughter closes the factory in 1973 (50-60 craftsman by then) and the workmaster from Modl, Andreas Schmidt opens his own workshop in Neustadt/Aisch under the name Schmidtco. From 1973 Franz Riedl takes over the part of the Emo mutes (Dämpfer), as does his family later. The Emo mute brand now is marketed by GEWA in Adorf, not sure where they are made. [[File:Gewa catalog 2019.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Emo mutes in todays GEWA catalog</small>]]
+The factory buildings then housed a forwarding company for a long time, then it was empty and terrain and buildings became wild.
+Since 2018 there is a retirement and nursing home, the Martin Luther House of Diakonia, and a building with service apartments on the premises.
+From 1973 Franz Riedl and his wife Ingeborg take over the part of the Emo mutes (Dämpfer)under the company name Ingeborg Riedl
+in their house in the Waldstrasse 8 in Diespeck.
+Where the mutes previously were made of pressboard, today they are molded from plastic. The Emo mutes were initially molded by the company Heinrich Schneider in Neustadt, after their dissolution by the company HBW, now Gubesch Group, in Emskirchen.
+The trombone mutes no. 2 and 4 are still made from pressboard today. The aluminum dampers come since at least the mid-1970s from a metal pressing in Wendelstein. Petra Hieronymus, daughter of Franz and Ingeborg Riedl and her husband George then gradually took over the forwarding of the mutes from her parents and relocated to their house in the Schleifmühlstrasse 45 in Diespeck. To them the mutes are a sideline. [[File:Gewa catalog 2019.jpg|thumb|right|<small>Emo mutes in todays GEWA catalog</small>]]The Emo mutes are sold almost exclusively to the wholesalers GEWA, Stölzel and Thomann, whereby Fa. Stölzel receives all mutes without EMO label and adds their own label to them. GEWA gets the aluminum mutes without an EMO label.
 =Ernst Modl brass instruments=
-Ernst Modl started in 1951 with the production of signal horns. The production of rotary valves was added and he picked up the production of bugles, trumpets (piston valves and a few with (top action) rotary valves). Also a few cornets, several slide trombones, a valve trombone and a mellophone are known and then euphoniums are mentioned (but I haven't seen any pictures of them). Throughout his career in Germany Modl used the model names that we know from his time at F.X. Hüller & Co: Professional, Champion and World, with the extensions Super, 'De Luxe', De Luxe Color and an incidental Standard, Ideal....
+Ernst Modl started in 1951 with the production of signal horns. The production of rotary valves was added and he picked up the production of bugles, trumpets (piston valves and a few with (top action) rotary valves). Also a few cornets, several slide trombones, a valve trombone and some mellophones are known and then euphoniums are mentioned (but I haven't seen any pictures of them). Throughout his career in Germany Modl used the model names that we know from his time at F.X. Hüller & Co: Professional, Champion and World, with the extensions Super, De Luxe, De Luxe Color and an incidental Standard, Ideal....
-As far as I can see now, the signal horns, trombones and rotary valve instruments have no serial numbers. The others have, the Emo branded as well as the stencils he made for companies like Ludwig, Smith Music Sales, Buffet Crampon and Rudy Mück. In the serial number list at the bottom of this page I have listed them. The serial numbers I found so far (some 160, including the stencils) reach from 2 till 8125, with one outlier at 12750.
+As far as I can see now, the signal horns, trombones and rotary valve instruments have no serial numbers. The others have, the Emo branded as well as the stencils he made for companies like Ludwig, Smith Music Sales, Buffet Crampon and Rudy Mück. In the serial number list at the bottom of this page I have listed them. The serial numbers I found so far (some 180, including the stencils) reach from 2 till 8125, with one outlier at 12750.
 ===Signal horns===
@@ Line 290: / Line 405: @@
 File:Emo horn 3.JPG
 </gallery><small>Emo small signal horn, 10,15 cm long and sounds like a harmonica, source Ebay.com 2017</small>
+<gallery>File:Emo 11 cm hunting horn.jpg
+File:Emo 11 cm hunting horn 1.jpg
+</gallery>
+<small>And another one, slightly different, 11 cm long</small>
 <gallery>
 File:Emo signalhorn 28,5 cm.jpg
 File:Emo signalhorn 28,5 cm 3.jpg
 </gallery><small>Emo signal horn, 28,5 cm long and sounds like a harmonica, source Ebay.de 2019</small>
+<gallery>File:Emo sbb-signalhorn-silber-33-cm.jpg
+File:Emo sbb-signalhorn-silber-33-cm 1.jpg
+</gallery><small>Emo signal horn, 33 cm long, used at SBB?, source Ricardo.ch 2023</small>
 <gallery>
 File:Emo signalhorn 45 cm.jpg
@@ Line 317: / Line 442: @@
 ==Emo trumpets==
-The typical Emo trumpet can be recognized by it's spherical waterkeys, the baluster style bracing and the sloping valve caps and "Selmer' style arched valve stem buttons. The Word models have these 'Olds' style valve casings and bottoms.
+The typical Emo trumpet can be recognized by it's spherical waterkeys, the baluster style bracing and the sloping valve caps and "Selmer' style arched valve stem buttons. The World models have these 'Olds' style valve casings and bottoms.
 <gallery>
@@ Line 401: / Line 526: @@
 File:Emo 5681 Champion 2.jpg
 </gallery><small>Emo Champion, serial number 5681, underslung waterkey</small>
+Here is an Emo Champion that has an extra loop - to make the instrument shorter I guess.
+<gallery>
+File:Emo 157 Champion.jpg
+</gallery><small>Emo Champion, serial number 157, extra loop, source: willhaben.at</small>
 ====Emo Champion Super====
@@ Line 415: / Line 545: @@
 File:Emo 8125 Super Champion (4).JPG
 </gallery><small>Emo Champion Super, serial number 8125, 'Emo' waterkeys and valve buttons </small>
+====Emo Champion Color====
+So far I know of one Emo Champion Color, it was offered for sale on Ebay in 2024. It has a colored valve block and tuning slides.
+It has serial number 100, so a pretty low one.
+<gallery>
+File:Emo 100 Champion Color 0.jpg
+File:Emo 100 Champion Color 1.jpg
+</gallery>
+<small>Emo Champion Color, serial number 100, valve numbers 1,2,3</small>
+What's remarkable is that there's an Emo Professional with the same serial number, with a different valve block, which suggests that these are from different suppliers.
+<gallery>File:Emo 100 Professional.jpg
+File:Emo 100 Champion Color 5.jpg
+</gallery><small>Valve blocks of two Emo trumpets with the same serial number, left the Emo Professional, right the Emo Champion Color.
+</small>
 ===Emo World===
@@ Line 455: / Line 601: @@
 </gallery><small>Emo World de Luxe, serial number 3865, and the third valve slide hook</small>
-There's also a multicolored World de Luxe, the World de Luxe Color. So far only in low serial numbers (81-576).
+====Emo World De Luxe Color====
+There's also a multicolored World de Luxe, the World de Luxe Color. So far only in low serial numbers (81-576), like the Emo Champion Color.
 <gallery>
 Emo_81_World_de_Luxe_color.jpg
@@ Line 462: / Line 610: @@
 ===Emo Standard===
-A rare bird. An Emo Standard, with also F.X.Hüller engraved on the bell. Sold in an auction in Stockholm in 2019. It's the only Emo Standard and also the F.X.Hüller & Co name is seldom used, although it's also found on the trumpet Louis Armstrong got with serial number 2503 but that one got a special inscription with Armstrongs name on it as well.
+An Emo Standard with serial number 492, with F.X.Hüller & Co engraved on the bell was sold in an auction in Stockholm in 2019. This Emo Standard is very much identical to the Emo Professional model. A similar one, with serial number 155, was obtained around 1970 by Magnus Anderson who was living in Stockholm as well. And a third Emo Standard with number 319 was sold in December 2020 from Karlshamm through a Swedish auction site. And a fourth one (no serial known) was also listed by a Stockholm based seller. All four have F.X.Hüller & Co on their bell. That would make you guess that Modl used this model name for the Swedish market. After the war Modl used the F.X. Hüller name for his company until the end but he didn't use it on his trumpets, except for these ones.  It's also found on the trumpet Louis Armstrong got with serial number 2503 but that one got a special inscription with Armstrongs name on it as well.
 <gallery>
 File:Emo 492 5.jpg
@@ Line 468: / Line 616: @@
 </gallery><small>Emo Standard, F.X.Hüller & Co, serial number 492</small>
-==Other Emo brass instruments==
+===Elite===
+This trumpet branded Elite has F.X. Hüller & Co on the bell, in a similar engraving style as the Standard ones above. It has a much higher serial number, 3778. The details like pink and third slide hook fit in the Emo pattern.
+<gallery>File:Huller 3778 Elite 2.jpg
+File:Huller 3778 Elite 1.jpg</gallery><small>F.X.Hüller & Co Elite trumpet, serial number 3778</small>
-===Trombones===
+===Emo Harmony===
-So far I've found several Emo trombones, they all are called the Champion model. The slide trombones seem to have no serial number, apart from one with an 18 on the mouthpiece reciever.
+And then there is (so far only) one example of an Emo Harmony, sold in 2021 from Massachusetts, US. The serial number 4596 dates it around 1960. In its details it is identical to the Emo Champion.
+<gallery>
+File:Emo 4596 Harmony.jpg
+File:Emo 4596 Harmony 1.jpg
+File:Emo 4596 Harmony 2.jpg
+<</gallery><small>Emo Harmony serial number 4596</small>
+===Emo ===
+Another rare bird is this Emo trumpet without a model name, offered for sale on Kleinanzeigen.de in 2023. It has SP- SV Property inscribed on the bell as well as 4 May 1956. The seller states that it has been US Army property for a long time. After the war the US Army had a lot of bands and piper and bugle corpses in Germany, I haven's been able to find out yet what SP SV stands for but it's very well possible that Modl provided them instruments.
+<gallery>
+File: Emo 48.jpg
+File: Emo 48 1.jpg
+</gallery><small>Emo trumpet, 4 May 1956 SP SV Property, source Kleinzanzeigen.de 2023</small>
+==Other Emo brass instruments==
+===Trombones===
+There are Emo tenor trombones Champion model and there are also World models around. The slide trombones seem to have no serial number, apart from one with an 18 on the mouthpiece reciever.
 <gallery>
@@ Line 478: / Line 651: @@
 File:Emo champion posaune no serial 1.jpg
 File:Emo champion posaune no serial 2.jpg
-</gallery><small>Emo Champion trombone. No serial number.</small>
+</gallery><small>Emo Champion trombone, no serial number.</small>
 <gallery>
 File:Emo 172 Champion ventieltrombone 1 (2).jpg
 File:Emo 172 Champion ventieltrombone 1 (1).jpg
-</gallery><small>Emo Champion valve trombone. Serial number 172</small>
+</gallery><small>Emo Champion valve trombone, serial number 172</small>
-Alto trombone in Eb
+<gallery>File:Emo World posaune.jpg
+File:Emo World posaune 1.jpg
+File:Emo World posaune 4.jpg
+</gallery><small>Emo World trombone, source Lot-tissimo.com 2017</small>
+One Emo De Luxe tenor trombone was offered on a Swiss auction site in 2023.
+<gallery>File:Emo De Luxe.jpg
+File:Emo De Luxe 1.jpg
+File:Emo De Luxe 1b.jpg
+</gallery><small>Emo De Luxe trombone, source Ricardo.ch 2023</small>
+And here's an Emo Champion alto trombone in Eb
 <gallery>
 File:Emo Champion alto trombone.png
 File:Emo Champion alto trombone 1.png
-</gallery><small>Emo Champion alto trombone. </small>
+</gallery><small>Emo Champion alto trombonem, source: Yorkmaster.org </small>
 ===Cornet===
+There are some Emo cornets around but not many.
-There are some Emo cornets around but not many. So far World is the only model I found.
+Here's a World:
 <gallery>
 File:Emo World cornet 0.jpg
@@ Line 499: / Line 684: @@
 <gallery>File:Emo cornet.jpg
 </gallery><small>Emo cornet</small>
+And here's a Champion cornet:
+<gallery>
+File:Emo 5645 Champion.jpg
+</gallery><small>Emo Champion cornet, serial number 5645, coll.: Gerard Westerhof</small>
 ===Flugelhorn===
@@ Line 513: / Line 703: @@
 File:Emo 179 Champion flugel 4.jpg
 </gallery><small>Emo Champion flugelhorn, serial number 179</small>
+<gallery>File:Emo 268 Champion flugelhorn.jpg
+File:Emo 268 Champion flugelhorn 1.jpg
+File:Emo 268 Champion flugelhorn 2.jpg
+File:Emo 268 Champion flugelhorn 3.jpg
+</gallery><small>Emo Champion flugelhorn, serial number 268, mouthpipe renewed</small>
 And another one, no model name known but also with baluster type braces.
@@ Line 518: / Line 715: @@
 File:Emo-Flugle.jpg
 </gallery><small>Emo flugelhorn, source Horn-u-copia.net</small>
+===Bass trumpet===
+An Emo Champion bass trumpet popped up in a music store in Carmichael, California and was sold to Chicago. According to the seller it is a .480 bore, small shank trombone receiver, and the rotor drops it like a F attachment/4th piston would. The ring finger trigger operates a main tuning slide. Water keys have been replaced. It has a low serial number, 59 so probably it's another type of instrument that Modl tried and then gave up.
+<gallery>
+File:Emo 59 bastrompet.jpg
+File:Emo 59 bastrompet 1.jpg
+File:Emo 59 bastrompet 4.jpg
+</gallery><small>Emo Champion bass trumpet, serial number 59, source reverb.com</small>
 ===Mellophone===
-A mellophone in Eb.
+Modl also made mellophones in Eb with rotary valves. The two below have slight diferrences.
 <gallery>
-File:Emo mellophone Yorkmaster.jpg
+File:Emo mellophone Yorkmaster.jpg|<small> Emo mellophone in Eb, source Yorkmaster</small>
 File:Emo mellophone Yorkmaster 1.jpg
 File:Emo mellophone Yorkmaster 2.jpg
-</gallery><small> Emo mellophone in Eb, source Yorkmaster</small>
+</gallery>
+<gallery>
+File:Emo mellophone Eb 2.jpg|<small> Emo mellophone in Eb, source 2dehands.be</small>
+File:Emo Mellophone Eb 1.jpg
+File:Emo mellophone Eb.jpg
+</gallery>
 ===Rotary valve trumpet===
-I found one example of an Emo rotary valve trumpet.
+Although there are several rotary-valve-related inventions under [https://brasspedia.com/index.php?title=Ernst_Modl%27s_patents Ernst Modls patents], I only found two examples of an Emo rotary valve trumpet so far. Both seem to have his ball-and-socket invention on board.
 <gallery>
@@ Line 539: / Line 751: @@
 File:Emo rotary catawiki 4.jpg
 File:Emo rotary catawiki 10.jpg
-</gallery><small>Emo rotary valve trumpet, no serial number</small>
+</gallery><small>Emo rotary valve trumpet, no serial number, source: Catawiki</small>
+<gallery>
+File:Emodl rotary 0.jpg
+File:Emodl rotary 5.jpg
+</gallery><small>Emo rotary valve trumpet, no serial number, with plastic valve caps, source Ebay.de</small>
 ===Top action rotary valve trumpet===
@@ Line 551: / Line 768: @@
 More about these at the <strong>[[Top action rotary valve trumpets]]</strong> page of Brasspedia.
-==Stencils==
+===Mouthpieces===
-Like F.X.Hüller & Co, Bohland & Fuchs and other musical instrument makers in Graslitz, Czechslovakia and like Julius Keilwerth, Wohlrab and other brass instrument makers in post WWII West-Germany Ernst Modl was active in the production of stencils, instruments bearing another name than his own Emo brand. There is a lot of fuss about the relation between Ernst Modl and brands like Buffet-Crampon, Rudy Mück, Monke, DEG and others. As far as I know Modl made bugles and trumpets for others. But those others sourced their instruments from other suppliers as well, maybe not at the same time. That and the fact that Modl and other makers used parts from different suppliers makes it very difficult to draw lines. What adds to the confusion is that Modl copied a lot of 'Selmer' into his trumpet design.
-Comparing design and details is one way to connect instruments to a maker. The other line is by looking at the serial numbers. The serial numbers of Emo instruments form a consistent line from 2 till 8000. The presumed stencils have serials that fit in that range nicely. These brands also have serials in totally different ranges, as well as serials that would fit but are from instruments of a different (pre-war) period. So far I collected some 160 serial numbers from Emo and 'related' stencil instruments. I don't have pictures of all of them. And the ones I have pictures of, not always are identical to an Emo instrument.
-My hypothesis for now is that when it looks like an Emo and it fits in the serial number list, it is made by Modl.
-====Stencil bugles====
+Modl also sold mouthpieces with his imprint. They have a caracteristic form, that's also found with the Hablowetz mouthpieces of mouthpiece maker Bruno Tilz, also from Neustadt a/d Aisch. Tilz started his workshop in 1971, after he worked for twenty years for Josef Hablowetz. So I guess it's not a wild guess to think that Hablowetz/Tilz was making the Emo ones as well.
-Bugles were not new to Modl, after all these were among the last instruments produced before the wartime closure. The first bugles he made were made as stencils for the Ludwig Drum Co in Chicago, USA. These bugles were used in the American Drum and Bugle corpses. These had strict rules as to which tuning and valves are legit. Bugles are traditionally tuned in G, presumably because that pitch was the loudest to use in the military. The first valved bugles added a D, for which William Ludwig is credited. In 1953 a second (piston operated) rotary valve was legitimated. In 1968, Drum Corpses went from approving the G-D bugle to approving the G-F bugle. Here's a link to the [https://www.trumpet-history.com/Drum%20corps%20history.htm/ history of Drum & Bugle Corps]. And here's a link to the [http://www.middlehornleader.com/Evolution%20of%20the%20Bugle%20--%20Section%204.htm/ evolution of the bugle in the US].
+<gallery>
+File:Emo 1 mouthpiece.jpg|<small>Emo nr. 1 trumpet mouthpiece</small>
+File:Emo 1 mouthpiece 2.jpg
+File:Emo nr 2 mondstuk 1950-1955.JPG|<small>Emo nr. 2 trumpet mouthpiece</small>
+File:Hablowetz LG2 mondstuk.JPG|<small>Meister Hablowetz LG2 trumpet mouthpiece </small>
+File:Emo trombone mondstuk.jpg|<small>Emo trombone mouthpiece</small>
+File:Emo trombone mundstuck.png|<small>Emo trombone mouthpiece</small>
+</gallery>
+But there's also this different mouthpiece, also an Emo 2, with a gold-plated rim and another similar one.
+<gallery>
+File:Emo 2 mondstuk.JPG|<small>Emo nr. 2 trumpet mouthpiece</small>
+File:Emo mouthpiece.jpg
+</gallery>
+==Stencils==
+Like F.X.Hüller & Co, Bohland & Fuchs and other musical instrument makers in Graslitz, Czechslovakia and like Julius Keilwerth, Wohlrab and other brass instrument makers in post WWII West-Germany Ernst Modl was active in the production of stencils, instruments bearing another name than his own Emo brand. There is a lot of fuss about the relation between Ernst Modl and brands like Buffet-Crampon, Rudy Mück, Monke, DEG and others. As far as I know Modl made bugles and trumpets for others. But those others sourced their instruments from other suppliers as well, maybe not at the same time. That and the fact that Modl and other makers used parts from different suppliers makes it very difficult to draw lines. What adds to the confusion is that Modl copied a lot of 'Selmer' into his trumpet design.
+Comparing design and details is one way to connect instruments to a maker. The other line is by looking at the serial numbers. The serial numbers of Emo instruments form a consistent line from 2 till 8000. The presumed stencils have serials that fit in that range nicely. These brands also have serials in totally different ranges, as well as serials that would fit but are from instruments of a different (pre-war) period. So far I collected some 160 serial numbers from Emo and 'related' stencil instruments. I don't have pictures of all of them. And the ones I have pictures of, not always are identical to an Emo instrument.
+My hypothesis for now is that when it looks like an Emo and it fits in the serial number list, it is made by Modl.
+====Stencil bugles====
+Bugles were not new to Modl, after all these were among the last instruments produced before the wartime closure. The first bugles he made were made as stencils for the Ludwig Drum Co in Chicago, USA. These bugles were used in the American Drum and Bugle corpses. These had strict rules as to which tuning and valves are legit. Bugles are traditionally tuned in G, presumably because that pitch was the loudest to use in the military. The first valved bugles added a D, for which William Ludwig is credited. In 1953 a second (piston operated) rotary valve was legitimated. In 1968, Drum Corpses went from approving the G-D bugle to approving the G-F bugle. Here's a link to the [https://www.trumpet-history.com/Drum%20corps%20history.htm/ history of Drum & Bugle Corps]. And here's a link to the [http://www.middlehornleader.com/Evolution%20of%20the%20Bugle%20--%20Section%204.htm/ evolution of the bugle in the US].
 =====Ludwig=====
@@ Line 577: / Line 813: @@
 Ludwig 652.jpg
 Ludwig 652 1.jpg</gallery><small>Ludwig single valve baritone in G, made in Germany</small>
-Here's a Ludwig single valve bugle in G made in Germany. It has serial number 652 and was used by the USMC, United States Marine Corps
+Here's a Ludwig single valve bugle in G made in Germany. It has serial number 652 and was used by the USMC, United States Marine Corps.
+In the serial number list below I only incorporated the Ludwig bugles that have a serial number that fits into the Modl list. Which doesn't proe they were all made by Modl. There are a lot of Ludwig bugles with 5-digit serials that for sure are not Modl made.
 =====Waterloo Music Company=====
@@ Line 593: / Line 830: @@
 The valve caps and button are Emo, the valve is similar to the one in the Emo tarv trumpet, and based on a Modl patent.
+[[File:Waterloo_Champion_from_Calgary.jpg|thumb|left]]Left: another Waterloo Champion, sold from Calgary, Canada.
 [[File:Waterloo-Bugle-Champion G-D soprano bugle ca 1961.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Waterloo Champion G-D soprano bugle, source: Horn-u-copia.net forum</small>]]
-This is another G-D soprano bugle built ca. 1961 by Modl. The rotary valve is a too-long half step that can be pulled to a too-short whole step.
+To the right is another G-D soprano bugle built ca. 1961 by Modl. The rotary valve is a too-long half step that can be pulled to a too-short whole step.
 =====Smith Music Sales=====
+Smith Music Sales in Chicago was set up by Glen C. Smith. At the Drumcorpsplanet-forum members 'Scooter Pirtle' and 'HornsUp' (who worked at Modl in West Germany for a while, developing G bugle prototypes) described the history of the Smith company and the relation with Modl which I quote in it's entirety:
+"Glenn C. Smith initially worked with the Austin Grenadiers of Chicago during the 50s and gained notoriety as their DM. Then for a while he somehow became the bandmaster at a Catholic boys HS. He started a business to contract bugle fabrication through other firms (initially through T.J. Getzen) that resulted in the 'Smith Music Sales' badging that can be encountered on a wide array of valve/rotor bugles. He was in the bugle sales business at least by 1959 when he brought his mobile shop to the AL Nationals. He took this operation to Miami for '61 VFW with two employees: Bob Spevacek former director and music man for the Madison Scouts, and national champion snaredrummer Tony DeMarco. Smith  had a storefront on W. Fullerton Avenue for several years, then moved to one in Mount Prospect.
 <gallery>File:Smith Music Sales 227 (4).png
 </gallery><small>Smith Music Sales double valved baritone bugle, serial number 227</small>
 This double valved baritone bugle belonged to a Boy Scout troop leader back in the 1960's
+<gallery>File:Smith Music Sales 510 0.jpg</gallery><small>Smith Music Sales single valve bugle, serial number 510</small>
-Smith Music Sales in Chicago was set up by Glen C. Smith. At the Drumcorpsplanet-forum members 'Scooter Pirtle' and 'HornsUp' described the history of the Smith company and the relation with Modl which I quote in it's entirety:
+Smith Music Sales eventually became a large dealer that boasted of international accounts and sales to 3,000 drum and bugle corps. A letter from Smith indicates his company eventually purchased the Holton/Ludwig bugle line and Bill Ludwig declared Smith Music Sales as the 'largest parade drum dealer in Ludwig history'. He was the major source of Getzen bugles, while Tru Crawford set up shop across town and pushed the Holton-built Ludwig Classic line. At the same time (during the 50s), Smith began putting his shield on bugles manufactured in Neustadt-on-Aisch, West Germany (and possibly other Euro-based fabricators). The factory was owned by Ernst Modl, who had one of the many brass instrument factories in prewar Germany (not correct: Graslitz was in Czechslovakia, ed.). It had been re-established after WWII through the Marshall Plan.
-"Glenn C. Smith initially worked with the Austin Grenadiers of Chicago during the 50s and gained notoriety as their DM. Then for a while he somehow became the bandmaster at a Catholic boys HS. He started a business to contract bugle fabrication through other firms (initially through T.J. Getzen) that resulted in the 'Smith Music Sales' badging that can be encountered on a wide array of valve/rotor bugles. He was in the bugle sales business at least by 1959 when he brought his mobile shop to the AL Nationals. He took this operation to Miami for '61 VFW with two employees: Bob Spevacek former director and music man for the Madison Scouts, and national champion snaredrummer Tony DeMarco. Smith  had a storefront on W. Fullerton Avenue for several years, then moved to one in Mount Prospect.
-Smith Music Sales eventually became a large dealer that boasted of international accounts and sales to 3,000 drum and bugle corps. A letter from Smith indicates his company eventually purchased the Holton/Ludwig bugle line and Bill Ludwig declared Smith Music Sales as the 'largest parade drum dealer in Ludwig history'. He was the major source of Getzen bugles, while Tru Crawford set up shop across town and pushed the Holton-built Ludwig Classic line. At the same time (during the 50s), Smith began putting his shield on bugles manufactured in Neustadt-on-Aisch, West Germany (and possibly other Euro-based fabricators). The factory was owned by Ernst Modl, who had one of the many brass instrument factories in prewar Germany (not correct: Graslitz was in Czechslovakia, ed.). It had been re-established after WWII through the Marshall Plan.
+Modl had previously built stencil bugles for Ludwig - the notorious "double-piston" models, around 1961. They had a crude drawbench, and could bend up all the components and then hold them together with baling wire while they soldered in a few random braces. The none-too-great chromeplating was done in Nürnburg, but to keep things American the cases were manufactured in good old Elkhorn Wisconsin. Smith also sold some front-carried euphoniums as early as 1964, that they were made Emo. I ("Hornsup') was supposed to go to the factory in 1969 to do some quality control and product development of a flugel model, but Uncle Sam had other ideas. While all this was going on, Holton and Ludwig both decided to get out of the bugle business. With a personal loan from Bill Ludwig Jr., Smith bought the remaining inventory of about 1000 Classic Sopranos.
-Modl had previously built stencil bugles for Ludwig - the notorious "double-piston" models, around 1961. They had a crude drawbench, and could bend up all the components and then hold them together with baling wire while they soldered in a few random braces. The none-too-great chromeplating was done in Nürnburg, but to keep things American the cases were manufactured in good old Elkhorn Wisconsin. Smith also sold some front-carried euphoniums as early as 1964, that they were made Emo. I was supposed to go to the factory in 1969 to do some quality control and product development of a flugel model, but Uncle Sam had other ideas. While all this was going on, Holton and Ludwig both decided to get out of the bugle business. With a personal loan from Bill Ludwig Jr., Smith bought the remaining inventory of about 1000 Classic Sopranos.
+Below is a picture of the baritone and french horn buglers from the Racine (Wisconsin) YMCA Kilties Drum and Bugle Corps in 1967. They were the first to use the new G - F bugles from Smith Music Sales. This picture was used in Smiths advertisements during the fall of 1967 and much of 1968. It has to be confirmed that these were Emo made.
+<gallery>File:Racine Kilties Drum and Bugle Corps 1967.png
+File:Racine Kilties Drum and Bugle Corps 1967 1.png</gallery><small>Racine Kilties Drum and Bugle Corps 1967, source: George Fennel, We winna be dauntit.</small>
-The legalization of the G-F bugle (in 1968 ed.) had lured Olds into the business. With a superior product, they soon dominated the market. So Glenn Smith sold his business, a pig in a poke, to former employee Tony DeMarco. Tony sent me to the Emo factory for six weeks in the spring of 1972, to do quality control and product development. But I realized the first time I walked through that facility that my assignment was hopeless. The facilities, the knowledge, and the craftsmanship just weren't there. Nobody in the factory had ANY idea of how these instruments were being deployed. I developed a set of prototypes, which were finished and shown at Drum Corps Associates championship that year. But it was too late, Herr Modl passed away a month later and the factory closed. Tony DeMarco had other successful business interests and didn't continue as Smithco. Glenn Smith did enter the Catholic priesthood."
+The legalization of the G-F bugle (in 1968 ed.) had lured Olds into the business. With a superior product, they soon dominated the market. So Glenn Smith sold his business, a pig in a poke, to former employee Tony DeMarco. Tony sent me ('Hornsup') to the Emo factory for six weeks in the spring of 1972, to do quality control and product development. But I realized the first time I walked through that facility that my assignment was hopeless. The facilities, the knowledge, and the craftsmanship just weren't there. Nobody in the factory had ANY idea of how these instruments were being deployed. I developed a set of prototypes, which were finished and shown at Drum Corps Associates championship that year. But it was too late, Herr Modl passed away a month later and the factory closed. Tony DeMarco had other successful business interests and didn't continue as Smithco. Glenn Smith did enter the Catholic priesthood."
 Tubenet-forum member 'aqualung' recalls that in the mid-sixties Smith Music Sales came with a contrabass bugle, made by Emo. "They were made with 4/4 BBb tuba bodies, but still at baritone bore."
 The contrabass bugle was legalized for the 1962 season.
-According to 'Scooter Pirtle" Smith has suggested that he was responsible for the creation of the French horn bugle, a small bore soprano he called the “Angel horn,” the flugelhorn, the bass baritone, a double sized contrabass, and the mellophone. He contended he did this design work with the help of Bob Spevacek, John Gates, Bill Scarlett, and even Arnold Jacobs.
+According to 'Scooter Pirtle', Smith has suggested that he was responsible for the creation of the French horn bugle, a small bore soprano he called the 'Angel horn', the flugelhorn, the bass baritone, a double sized contrabass, and the mellophone. He contended he did this design work with the help of Bob Spevacek, John Gates, Bill Scarlett, and even Arnold Jacobs.
 <gallery>
@@ Line 622: / Line 866: @@
 File:Smith Music Sales Company Rotary 2 Valve G Bugle French Horn5.jpg
 </gallery><small>Smith Music Sales Company 2 valve French horn G bugle, serial unknowm, Emo bracing</small>
+Here's another Smith Music Sales bugle with one piston and one rotary valve in the form of a French horn. It has serial number 754 and all the Emo details like braces, valve cap and button, and the rotary valve. It was owned by the Loveland Cavaliers from Loveland Ohio.
+<gallery>
+File:Smith 754 horn bugle 0.jpg
+File:Smith 754 horn bugle.jpg
+</gallery><small>Smith Music Sales Company 1 valve French horn bugle, serial 754, source: Reverb.com 2021</small>
+Here's another French horn/Mellophone with rotary and piston valve, serial number 390. Although it's not branded Smith Music Sales but has 'NMS' engraved, it's obviously the same make.
+<gallery>
+File:NMS 390.jpg
+File:NMS 390 1.jpg
+File: NMS 390 6.jpg
+</gallery><small>NMS french horn/mellophone, serial nr. 390, sold from Milton Delaware, source FB 2024</small>
 ====Stencil trumpets====
-There are trumpets of different brands that are attributed to Modl. Buffet-Crampon and Rudy Muck (the 4M and 7M series) are looking very similar to the EMO World,
+There are trumpets of different brands that are attributed to Modl. Certain Buffet-Crampon, Evette & Schaeffer instruments and Rudy Mück (the 4M and 7M series) are looking very similar to the EMO World. DEG Ranger II, Wilhelm Monke and even a Schenkelaars are also linked to Modl, it's also suggested that Monke was the one who made the Buffets and Mücks. I don't think he did.
-DEG Ranger II, Wilhelm Monke and even a Schenkelaars are also linked to Modl, although it's also suggested that Monke was the one who made the Buffets and Mucks. I don't think he did.
-My global hypothesis is that Buffet-Crampon and Rudy Muck trumpets from the 4M and 7M series (and also the 2M and 5M series) were produced/assembled by Modl, at least those with with three to four digit serial numbers. The five and six digit Buffets, Evette&Schaeffers and Rudy Mucks, although looking very similar to the four digit ones, were made by another (German?) maker.
+My global hypothesis is that Buffet-Crampon and Rudy Muck trumpets from the 4M and 7M series (and also the 2M and 5M series) were produced/assembled by Modl, at least those with with three to four digit serial numbers. The five and six digit Buffet's, Evette & Schaeffers and Rudy Mücks, looking very similar to the four digit ones, were possible made by another (German) maker, maybe Böhm & Meinl.
 In addition to the exterior similarities, I find support for this hypothesis in the overview of serial numbers below.
 It turns out that (so far) all these presumed Modl stencils (except the above mentioned 5/6 digit instruments) fit nicely in one serial number list, as do the bugles. I hope that new entries can falsify or support this hypothesis, so if you have an instrument of one of the brands below, <strong>please provide me with a serial number and pictures at info@brasspedia.com!</strong>
-=====Buffet-Crampon=====
+=====Buffet-Crampon/Evette & Schaeffer=====
-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffet_Crampon/ Buffet-Crampon] is a maker of woodwind instruments, most famous for their clarinets. The French instrument maker Denis Buffet Auger sets up his workshop in the heart of Paris, at 20 Passage du Grand Cerf in 1825, In 1836 Jean-Louis Buffet, Denis' son, marries Zoe Crampon in 1836 and creates the famous Buffet-Crampon brand name. In 1885 the company is headed by Paul Evette and Ernest Schaeffer. Buffet-Crampon and Evette&Schaeffer were both used as brands. In 1908 Buffet began exporting instruments to the US. In 1918 Buffet began marketing their premium line instruments under their own name, while marketing lower grade instruments variously under the Evette&Schaeffer and Evette brands. During the 1930s Buffet began outsourcing Evette&Schaeffer instruments to other manufacturers.
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffet_Crampon/ Buffet-Crampon] was a maker of woodwind instruments, most famous for their clarinets. The French instrument maker Denis Buffet Auger set up his workshop in the heart of Paris, at 20 Passage du Grand Cerf in 1825. In 1836 Jean-Louis Buffet, Denis' son, married Zoe Crampon in 1836 and created the famous Buffet-Crampon brand name. In 1885 the company is headed by Paul Evette and Ernest Schaeffer. Buffet-Crampon and Evette & Schaeffer were both used as brands. In 1908 Buffet began exporting instruments to the US. In 1918 Buffet began marketing their premium line instruments under their own name, while marketing lower grade instruments variously under the Evette & Schaeffer and Evette brands. During the 1930s Buffet began outsourcing Evette & Schaeffer instruments to other manufacturers.
 Buffet-Crampon made some brass instruments around 1895, discontinued it later and are believed not to have made brass instruments again until the acquisition of Courtois and Besson in 2006.
-The Buffet brass instruments were made for the American market where Carl Fischer in 1910 had acquired the importation rights for Buffet-Crampon woodwinds. In 1940 the Carl Fischer company acquired the York Band Instrument Company for $300,000. In 1957 they still owned it. Carl Fischer was Buffet agent till the late sixties. In 1950-1951 Carl Fischer also purchased a controlling share in Rudy Mück.
+The Buffet brass instruments were made for the American market where Carl Fischer in 1910 had acquired the importation rights for Buffet-Crampon woodwinds. Carl Fischer was Buffet agent till the late sixties. In 1940 the Carl Fischer company acquired the York Band Instrument Company for $300,000. In 1957 they still owned it. In 1950-1951 Carl Fischer also purchased a controlling share in Rudy Mück.
+There is a hear say statement of Zig Kanstul, saying that Buffet-Crampon made trumpets themselves, but I haven't found any eyewitnesses. The Emo-like Buffet-Crampon trumpets have serial numbers ranging from 29 till 5000 and in the 600.000 -700.000 range. The Evette & Schaeffer trumpets also have 4 digit numbers and (mostly) serial numbers in this last range. Some of them have Germany or W-Germany on the reciever. The four digit numbers nicely fit in the Modl serial list. My hypothesis for now is that these are Emo build trumpets and that the 6 digit numbers came from another German producer, maybe Böhm & Meinl (looking at the valve block). What's interesting is that one of the Evette & Schaeffer 6 digit trumpets was sold on 6-9-1971. Which means that it was made within the time frame of Modl's activities.
+Anecdotal 'evidence' for the Buffet's being Emo's is provided by Trumpetherald member seouljourner: "I have one (Emo) with no serial number and 'normal' water keys. It has a medium bore (0.450") and a 4 3/4" bell. It is a balanced trumpet like the Selmers. I have never tried a Selmer so I cannot compare. I do however, have a Buffet Crampon balanced model and the 2 play very similarly, in fact the slides are interchangeable so I believe they are made by the same manufacturer."
+Comparing an Emo World with a Buffet-Crampon.<gallery>File:Buffet 701.jpg|<small>Buffet-Crampon serial number 701</small>
+File:Emo 81x World trompete pt.jpg|<small>Emo World serial number 81x</small>
+</gallery>
-There is a hear say statement of Zig Kanstul, saying that Buffet-Crampon made trumpets themselves, but I haven't found any eyewitnesses. The Buffet-Crampon trumpets have serial numbers ranging from 29 till 5000 and in the 60.000 -70.000 range. The Evette trumpets have serial numbers in this last range and (some of them) have Germany or W-Germany on the reciever. The four digit numbers nicely fit in the Modl serial list. My hypothesis for now is that these are Emo build trumpets and that the 6 digit numbers came from another German producer, maybe Böhm & Meinl (looking at the valve block).
 Buffet Crampon in 1981 becomes part of the Boosey & Hawkes group. They buy the Courtois and Besson brands in 2006 and in 2012 become the Buffet group.
@@ Line 662: / Line 926: @@
 =====Rudy Mück=====
-Rudy Mück jr. (1909-1959) was a trumpetmaker and also famous for his cushion rim mouthpieces, introduced in 1933. The Muck family owned a large music store. Rudy Muck Sr. and Jr. were both trumpet players. They began producing trumpets and cornets some time before WWII. In 1950-1951 Carl Fischer purchased a controlling share in Rudy Mück. According to Bill Barnes on the Trumpetherald forum, the name was owned later by Mike Fiore in NYC who had his own repair shop. Mike had worked for Rudy Mück for a long time and he owned the Rudy Mück name after the last of the involved Mücks passed on. He retired in the seventies. Barnes: "The name was pirated by a European company who made low priced "Rudy Muck" trumpets, perhaps some time in the 1960's. I think that included the balanced models. I have seen all sorts of weird Rudy Muck trumpets, some good and some not so good, so I think the name was used by several different foreign manufacturers."
+Some Rudy Mück trumpets are quoted as '(maybe) made by EMO/Ernst Modl'. This is particulary true for the 4M and 7M models that look very similar to the Emo World. Rudy Mück jr. (1909-1959) was a trumpetmaker and also famous for his cushion rim mouthpieces, introduced in 1933. There's an extensive [http://www.brasshistory.net/muck.html/ Rudy Mück history] on the [http://www.brasshistory.net/ Brasshistory site] of Jon Patton, most of it gathered together by Fred Cirksena.
-Some Rudy Mück trumpets are quoted as '(maybe) made by EMO/Ernst Modl'. This is particulary true for the 4M and 7M models that look very similar to the Emo World. I'll try to make a case also for the 2M and 5M series that in my opinion are pretty similar to the Emo Professional and Emo Champion model.  The earliest Emo lookalike however is a Rudy Mück Citation. Their serial numbers fit in the Ernst Modl serial number list. There are other Rudy Mück trumpets that have four digit numbers; at least part of them date from before WWII. And there are 2M, 4M and 7M model instruments that have much higher numbers, in the (low) 60.000 region. The M models were marketed by [http://www.dallaspedals.com/History.html| Dallas London], the European company Barnes mentions, and have often 'Foreign' engraved which implies that they were sold in the UK but were sourced from abroad.
+The Muck family owned a large music store. Rudy Muck Sr. and Jr. were both trumpet players. They began producing trumpets and cornets some time before WWII. In 1950-1951 Carl Fischer purchased a controlling share in Rudy Mück. On the Trumpet Herald forum Heavyweight member stated in 2018: "Some of the Rudy Mück horns were made by Böhm & Meinl in West Germany. I think that was after Carl Fischer Music of New York City purchased the rights to the name." According to Bill Barnes on the same forum, the name was owned later by Mike Fiore in NYC who had his own repair shop. Mike had worked for Rudy Mück for a long time and he owned the Rudy Mück name after the last of the involved Mücks passed on. Fiore retired in the seventies. Barnes: "The name was pirated by a European company who made low priced "Rudy Muck" trumpets, perhaps some time in the 1960's. I think that included the balanced models. I have seen all sorts of weird Rudy Muck trumpets, some good and some not so good, so I think the name was used by several different foreign manufacturers."
+The Rudy Muck 4M and 7M models look very similar to the Emo World. I'll try to make a case also for the 2M serie that in my opinion is pretty similar to the Emo Professional and Emo Champion model. The 5M is a bit different.
+The earliest Emo lookalike however is a Rudy Mück Academy Super (serial number 810) followed by a Rudy Muck Citation (serial number 1050). And there is one difference between Rudy Mück and Emo, all (?) the Mück's have a main tuning slide stop rod, no Emo has that. That is, there is one Emo so far that has one.
+The Rudy Mück M series 4 digit serial numbers fit in the Ernst Modl serial number list. And, what's important to notice, so far I didn't find any duplications with Emo trumpet numbers. Which might be an indication - at least - that they indeed come from the same source. On the other hand, after WWII there were a lot of instrument makers expelled from the Czech city of Graslitz that restarted in Germany with new serial numbers..
+The M models were (all) marketed by [https://dallaspedals.com/History.html| Dallas London], the European company Barnes accuses of 'pirating', and they have often 'Foreign' engraved which implies that they were sold in the UK but were indeed sourced from abroad.
+There are other lines of Rudy Mück trumpets that have four digit numbers; at least part of them date from before WWII. And there are 2M, 4M, 5M and 7M model instruments that have much higher numbers, in the 600.000 region.... These might be the Böhm and Meinl ones?
-There is one difference between Rudy Mück and Emo, all (?) the Mück's have a third slide stop rod, no Emo has that.
+The Rudy Mück 4M and 7M have valve caps and waterkeys like the Emo World.
+The difference between the 4M and the 7M are the brace in the main tuning slide and the third valve slide operating mechanism that the 4M has not. This mechanism is also found on the Emo World de Luxe.
-<gallery>
-File:Emo 30 Professional.jpg|<small>Emo Professional serial number 30, bought in the early sixties. 'Emo' valve caps and buttons</small>
-File:Emo 547 Professional.jpg|<small>Emo Professional serial number 547</small>
-</gallery>
-The 5M has a brace in the main tuning slide, the 2M is the very basic model.
-<gallery>File:Rudy Muck 323x 2M.jpg|<small>Rudy Mück 2M, serial number 323x</small>
-File:Rudy Muck 2588 5m (4).png|<small>Rudy Mück 5M, serial number 2588</small>
-</gallery>
-The 4M and 7M have valve caps and waterkeys like the Emo World.
-The difference between the 4M and the 7M are the brace in the main tuning slide and the third valve slide operating mechanism that the 4M has not. This mechanism is also found on the Emo World de Luxe.
 <gallery>
@@ Line 700: / Line 960: @@
 </gallery>
+As to the similarities between the Rudy Mück 2M and the Emo Professional, here's some evidence.
+<gallery>File:Rudy Muck 323x 2M.jpg|<small>Rudy Mück 2M, serial number 323x</small>
+File:Emo 5876 Professional.JPG|<small>Emo Professional, serial number 5876</small>
+</gallery>
+These two trumpets above are identical, apart from, again, the stop rod and the pinky ring.
-<gallery>File:Rudy Muck 622787 7M gekocht in 1960.jpg|<small>Rudy Mück 7M, serial number 622.787 bought new in `1960</small>
+<gallery>
+File:Emo 30 Professional.jpg|<small>Emo Professional serial number 30, bought in the early sixties. 'Emo' valve caps and buttons</small>
+File:Emo 547 Professional.jpg|<small>Emo Professional serial number 547</small>
+</gallery>
-File:Rudy Muck 612182 5m.jpg|<small>Rudy Mück 5M, serial number 612.182</small>
+The Rudy Mück 2M is the very basic model, the 5M has a brace in the main tuning slide that doesn't look like Emo.
+<gallery>File:Rudy Muck 323x 2M.jpg|<small>Rudy Mück 2M, serial number 323x</small>
+File:Rudy Muck 2588 5m (4).png|<small>Rudy Mück 5M, serial number 2588</small>
 </gallery>
-=====Wilhelm Monke=====
+The higher (600.000 up) numbers look a lot like the 4 digit instruments but they must come form another source. Probably Bohm & Meinl, as the valve rings on the 4m model are identical to those on Bohm & Meinl trumpets. The 7m look a lot like the BM Symphonic (with similar serial numbers) that Bohm & Meinl made.
+<gallery>
+File:Rudy Muck 612182 5m.jpg|<small>Rudy Mück 5M, serial number 612182</small>
+File:Rudy Muck 622787 7M gekocht in 1960.jpg|<small>Rudy Mück 7M, serial number 622787 bought new in `1960</small>
+</gallery>
-Wilhelm Monke (1913–1986), son of brass instrument maker Josef Monke, opened his own independent shop in 1945, which sold a variety of instruments until it closed in 1994. He bought ready-made components and used them to build his instruments. He also bought ready instruments and engraved them with his name. It's possible that he bought Modl's instruments, or that he bought the same parts. But I don't think that Monke made Emo instruments.
+The Rudy Mück 2m and 4m with 4 digit serials have the same valves as the Emo Champion, the 6 digit ones valves are identical to Böhm en Meinl. (to be illustrated)
-The ones I found so far have different details but look like more or less like Modl instruments. The serial number 52 would fit in the Modl list, but the number looks a bit weird. And there's also a Buffet mentioned on Answers.com with the same serial (but without a picture).
-<gallery>File:Wilhelm Monke.JPG|<small> Wilhelm Monke</small>
+=====Böhm & Meinl, B&M Symphonic=====
-File:Wilhelm Monke master henny 37,38,39.jpg|<small>Wilhelm Monke, valve numbers 37, 38, 39</small>
+There are some B&M Symphonic trumpets that look like the Buffet Crampon/Evette &Schaeffer instruments, that look like Emo World copies. Böhm and Meinl are mentioned as potential makers of those Buffet and Evette trumpets, sold through Carl Fisher, and also as makers of some Rudy Mück trumpets.
+<gallery>
+File:B&M Symphonic 712102.jpg|<small>B&M Symphonic, serial number 712102</small>
+B&M Symphonic 2.JPG|<small>B&M Symphonic with serial number 075354(?)</small></gallery>
+The merchants Wilhelm Böhm and Andreas Meinl founded Böhm & Meinl GmbH on November 1, 1946 (on other places November 1, 1948) in Geretsried, Bavaria. They both were, like Ernst Modl, expelled from Graslitz, Sudetenland. Wilhelm came on 4-4-1946 with his wife and two brothers with one of the first trains. He was 41 by then and had NSDAP behind his name. Meinl, listed as a 42 years old bookkeeper, came with his wife and three children by train on 12-06-1946. The company history was described in 2017 in [https://www.merkur.de/lokales/wolfratshausen/geretsried-ort46843/boehm-meinl-produzierte-sousaphone-fuer-suedamerika-8483121.html a local newspaper] based on a publication of the Arbeitskreis Historisches Geretsried. Wilhelm Böhm was a retail and wholesale merchant for music supplies. His partner Andreas Meinl had worked his way up from apprentice to general manager at the A. K. Hüttl company in Graslitz. He was very familiar with the manufacture and sale of high-quality brass instruments.
+They found trained brass instrument makers from the Graslitz area as employees, who had also ended up in Geretsried as expellees. The money for this comes from the State Agency for Development Financing.
+The first company headquarters was in a garage on what is now Graslitzer Strasse (formerly Kolbenheyerstrasse). The pillars of the company were the trade in music and the repair of brass instruments. These were soon made as well. The garage was bursting at the seams, so the two men rented a former bunker on St.-Hubertus-Strasse. Meinl refreshed business relationships with old customers of his company in Graslitz; demand was particularly high in the USA. There was no shortage of workers: many people from Graslitz were happy to be able to work in their old profession. At the beginning of the 1950s, Böhm & Meinl already employed almost two dozen people.
+The musical instrument factory developed so quickly that the premises on St.-Hubertus-Strasse soon became too small. In 1953 the company moved to a bunker on the Isardamm. The company stayed there for more than five decades. The demand for brass instruments rose sharply in the years that followed, and Böhm & Meinl developed into a powerful company.
+<gallery>
+File:2016 Demolition of Bunker Isardamm 133.jpg|<small>Demolition of the Isardamm bunker, former location of Böhm & Meinl in 2016</small>
+</gallery>
-File:Wilhelm Monke 52.jpg|<small>Wilhelm Monke, serial number 52</small>
+The main customers at that time came from the USA. Up to 600 instruments were manufactured and shipped overseas each month. At that time, the export share was over 80 percent of the total production. The number of employees reached its highest level in these years and was almost 100 employees. One of those customers was the Carl Fischer company in New York. Fischer acquired the York factory in 1940. Böhm & Meinl started making tubas for Carl Fischer to market under the York label in the 1950s-60s, the York Master. It is unclear how much production help Fischer gave to them in the development of these instruments. They also made stencil horns based on Fred Marzans 1968 designs in addition to selling under their own name.
-File:Wilhelm Monke 52 3.jpg|<small>Wilhelm Monke, serial number 52</small>
+The company founders ran their company for almost three decades. Wilhelm Böhm died in January 1976, the Böhm community of heirs withdrew from the company and Andreas Meinl passed his share on to his sons Gerhard and Wolfgang Meinl. Both were partners in the company from January 1977.
-</gallery>
-<gallery>File:Wimo 6.jpg
+The US export boom ended when the dollar fell against the D-Mark. Strong competition from Taiwan also contributed to a noticeable decline in US business. But: new customers were found in Europe and Japan, so that the overall production remained at the same level.
-File:Wimo 1.jpg
+Folk music in the Oberkrainer style set new standards. 30 Oberkrainer baritones were already sold before they were produced. The demand for sousaphones for military bands from all over the world also increased sharply. In 1983, Böhm & Meinl delivered over 130 sousaphones and other bell-front instruments to Chile alone.
-File:Wimo 2.jpg</gallery><small> Wimo, Wilhelm Monke Köln, no serial number</small>
+The chapter of the musical instrument factory Böhm & Meinl was closed in 1992. As there was no suitable successor, the production was bought by Walter Nirschl of the Geretsried company B&M-Symphonic. Production continued in the Böhm & Meinl company building until the end of 1996. In 1997, Nirschl relocated the company's headquarters to the Buchenweg, and in 2007 it moved to the Geltinger industrial park. Metal wind instruments, mainly tubas, are still manufactured there for worldwide sale.
-=====DEG=====
+As to the BM Symphonic, the brand (with the logo showing three trumpets (<i>Schalmeien</i>)), was used long before Nirschl took over, in the sixties already. A BM Symphonic with serial 73219 is dated around 1960. And a BM Symphonic 671688 was dated 'before 1970'. These were not Emo look-alikes. The above Emo look-alikes has serial number 712102, the first Evette look-alikes have numbers in the 68000 range, one of which is dated around 1971.
-DEG was started in 1965 in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin USA, by Donald E. Getzen after he split from the Getzen company in Elkhorn.
-Member CDFHorn on the Horn-U-Copia forum states that Modl made some of the DEG instruments, some Ranger II models and some Caravelle models. The ones he mentions have serial numbers 135 (Caravelle, flugel}, 335 (Ranger II, cornet), 701 (Ranger II trumpet} and 2601 (Caravelle, trumpet). Although they would fit in the Modl serial number list, they are a bit low when you realize that they have to be post 1965.
-<gallery>File:DEG Ranger-II-DEG-Products-Don-E-Getzen-Trumpet.jpg|<small>DEG Ranger II</small>
+=====Carl Fischer, New York=====
-</gallery>
-=====Schenkelaars=====
+Wrapping up, there are lines from the brands Buffet-Crampon, Evette & Schaeffer and Rudy Mück to the Carl Fischer company. And there are lines from Böhm & Meinl to the Carl Fischer company. The Buffet brass instruments were made for the American market where Carl Fischer in 1910 had acquired the importation rights for Buffet-Crampon woodwinds. In 1940 the Carl Fischer company acquired the York Band Instrument Company for $300,000. In 1957 they still owned it. Carl Fischer was Buffet agent till the late sixties. There's no doubt that Böhm & Meinl made tuba's for Carl Fischer.
+In 1950-1951 Carl Fischer also purchased a controlling share in Rudy Mück. For now my hypothesis is that the 5 and 6 digit instruments were made for Carl Fischer by Böhm & Meinl (who also had serial numbers for other trumpets up to there), and the four digit ones were produced/assembled by Modl.
-<gallery>
+=====Other names that are sometimes connected to Emo=====
-File:Schenkelaars_Champion_MP.JPG|<small> Schenkelaars Champion </small>
+Buffet-Crampon, Evette & Schaeffer and Rudy Mück are the names that are most often connected to Emo and their story is elaborated above. There are some other companies that come along in this context where the connection sometimes is more doubtful. And some could very well be stencils.
+======Wilhelm Monke======
+Wilhelm Monke is sometimes suggested as the maker of Modl trumpets. I don't think he was. Wilhelm Monke (1913–1986), son of brass instrument maker Josef Monke, opened his own independent shop in 1945, which sold a variety of instruments until it closed in 1994. He bought ready-made components and used them to build his instruments. He also bought ready instruments and engraved them with his name. It's possible that he bought Modl's instruments, or that he bought the same parts. But I don't think that Monke made Emo instruments.
+The ones I found so far have different details but look more or less like Modl instruments. The serial number 52 would fit in the Modl list, but the number looks a bit weird. And there's also a Buffet mentioned on Answers.com with the same serial (but without a picture).
+<gallery>File:Wilhelm Monke.JPG|<small> Wilhelm Monke</small>
+File:Wilhelm Monke master henny 37,38,39.jpg|<small>Wilhelm Monke, valve numbers 37, 38, 39</small>
+File:Wilhelm Monke 52.jpg|<small>Wilhelm Monke, serial number 52</small>
+File:Wilhelm Monke 52 3.jpg|<small>Wilhelm Monke, serial number 52</small>
 </gallery>
-==The Louis Armstrong story==
+<gallery>
+File:Wimo 6.jpg
+File:Wimo 1.jpg
+File:Wimo 2.jpg
+</gallery><small> Wimo, Wilhelm Monke Köln, no serial number</small>
+I also found a Modl like Josef Monke trumpet. So far it's an outlier between the other Josef Monke piston trumpets around.
+<gallery>
+File:Josef Monke 7, 8, 9.jpg|<small>Josef Monke trumpet, valves numbered 7,8,9. </small>
+</gallery>
+Here's a bass trumpet by Monke. Waterkeys and braces look like Modl, but for the rest the design is totally different from the Modl bass trumpet.
+<gallery>
+File:Wilhelm Monke bastrompet.jpg
+File:Wilhelm Monke bastrompet 4.jpg
+</gallery><small>Wilhelm Monke Basss trumpet, source Ebay.de</small>
-Friedel Keim states in 'Das Grosse Buch der Trompete' that Louis Armstrong played an EMO World de luxe - No. 2503, that costed 170 RM in 1948. Modl gave Armstrong in Frankfurt am Main one of his trumpets in 1952 and after his tour with the Benny Goodman Band and his All-Stars Armstrong had sent some more EMOs and never again changed the brand... Thus Keim. According to Mario Rippert, Keim had this information from Franz Riedl and his cousin, the daughter of Ernst Modl.
+======Heribert Glassl======
-Armstrong used to play a Selmer. The Smithsonian Institute in Washington has a 1946 Henri Selmer B-flat custom-made and inscribed trumpet that belonged to Louis Armstrong. Armstrong had been playing an earlier version of a Selmer trumpet since 1932. Even though he believed you could play a trumpet for a long time, he had the habit of playing his trumpets for approximately five years before he passed it on as a gift to a friend or colleague. As he once said: "“I give my horns about five years. Of course I look after them, run hot water through the instrument every night so you know it’s going to percolate.” In February 1946, Armstrong’s manager and close friend, Joe Glaser, wrote to Selmer Instrument Company and asked for a new trumpet custom-made for Armstrong’s use. Selmer agreed and presented him with this inscribed Selmer B-flat trumpet. This personally inscribed trumpet was made only for Armstrong and was not mass produced.
+A trumpet with only the engraving H. Glassl Rüsselshein Königstadten (a place near Frankfurt) was advertised in 2021 by a seller as being an Emo World. Heribert Glassl is/was a small shop in that place. Heribert himself retired in 2005. It looks very much like an Emo, what's strange is that there is another Emo with the same serial number (180), an Emo Professional.
+<gallery>File:H Glassl 180.JPG</gallery><small>H.Glassl Rüsselsheim Königstädten, serial number 180</small>
-On 11 oktober 1952 Louis Armstrong played in the Frankfurter Franz Althoff-bau, a venue in the Zoo. On November 30th he played in the Kongresshalle with his All Star Groups (where he came back on 16-1959 and 6-4-1962). The owner of the renowned Frankfurter Konzertdirektion C. Ebner, Mrs. Clara Gunderloch, the German agent of Louis Armstrong had organized in October 1952 in several North Rhine-Westphalian cities concerts of the orchestra, Cologne, Düsseldorf, Essen and Wuppertal. (Five years later Gunderloch in last resort lost a juridical battle, about a tax reduction on the ticketprice she claimed. Discount or remission of entertainment tax is usually granted when the competent tax authority accepts the "artistically high" or "culturally valuable" ratings for an event. Which in this case they didn't.) In 1952 Armstrong also went to the newly opened Jazz Keller in Frankfurt, Europe's number one jazz hangout where he spilled red wine all over his tuxedo, trying to maneuver through the crowd. On 26 october 1955 Armstrong played again with his All Stars in the Franz Althoff-bau.
+======Luxor======
-Armstrong choose three out of 15 Modl trumpets, as is stated in the description of a picture showing Modl, Armstrong and Modl's daughter. These were engraved with the Emo logo and the F.X.Hüller Neustadt a/d Aisch name. In his first thank you letter Armstrong did not write to Ernst Modl but to Mr. Hüller because the company was still called that name. Armstrong thanked and also ordered some for his band colleagues and played them on his Australia tour in 1958/59, according to Rippert. (I think that year is not correct). Various letters followed, which were translated Modls daughter and also visits in Neustadt a/d Aisch. They had their birthday on the same day, so that created a bond.
-Ricky Riccardi, author of 'What a Wonderful World: The Magic of Louis Armstrong's Later Years' is quoted on Trumpetenforum as stating that Armstrong played the Emo from 1952 till the end of the Australian tour in 1956. Armstrong also went to Australia in 1954.
+Luxor was the brand name of a German group of several music dealers who bought instruments from various manufacturers in the 1970's and 1980's and then sold them under the Luxor brand. Most of the Luxor trumpets that can be found are by Kühnl and Hoyer. This one is identical to an Emo Champion.
-I think Friedel Keim is not right about the price in 1948 (Modl didn't produce trumpets at that time), and also not about Armstrong staying with Emo. The 2503 serial number he mentions is a bit strange as well. Modl had just started making trumpets in 1952, and made some 8100 instruments till 1972. But maybe it's the serial of one of the later instruments Armstrong ordered.
+<gallery>
-<gallery>File:Louis Armstron Selmer 2008 NYR 02063 0158 000().jpg|<small> The 1946 Henri Selmer B-flat custom-made and inscribed trumpet that belonged to Louis Armstrong</small>
+File:Luxor 440 2.JPG
+File:Luxor 440 1.JPG
+File:Luxor 440 4.JPG
+</gallery><small>Luxor trumpet, serial number 440, identical to Emo Champion</small>
-File:Louis Armstron Frankfurt.jpg|<small>Poster for the Louis Armstrong concert in Frankfurt 1952</small>
+======Hug & Co Zürich======
+[https://www.musikhug.ch/de/musik-hug/geschichte/ Hug & Co] in Zürich, Switzerland, is a large musical instrument retailer, originally a sheet music publisher. This trumpet, for sale on Ebay in 2023,  looks identical to an Emo World de Luxe.
-File:Fremde in Neustadt.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong with Ernst Modl and his daughter, picture at exhibition Fremde in Neustadt, Harald Munzinger 2017</small>
+<gallery>
+File:Hug & Co 3498.jpg
+File:Hug & Co 3498 1.jpg
+</gallery><small>Hug & Co serial number 3498, bell nr 11156, identical to Emo World de Luxe </small>
-File:Louis armstrong ernst modl.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong with Ernst Modl and his daughter, picture Harald Munzinger 2017</small>
+======Jubilee======
-File:Louis Armstrong Huller trumpet.jpg|<small> New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, picture Herman Hiller, 1953</small>
-File:Louis armstrong 1955 in Amsterdam.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam 1953, with a Selmer</small>
-File:Armstrong op Emo.jpg|<small>cover The Louis Armstrong Collection Artist Transcriptions Hal Leonard, playing an Emo</small>
+This cornet, with serial number 4697, was offered for sale by Brian Robson from Nightingale trumpets in the UK. It has all the Emo details. The last three digits of the serial number are also found on the back of the water keys, a detail that's found on some other Emo trumpets as well.
+The Jubilee model name is used every now and then. For instance Julius Keilwerth, another German instrument maker, made saxophones and at least one trumpet branded Jubilee in the fifties. Those were sold in Canada.
-File:Louis Armstrong Philips minigroove.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong plays W.C.Handy, 1954</small>
+<gallery>File:Jubilee 4697 cornet BR.jpg
+File:Jubilee 4697 JP 1.jpg
+File:Jubilee 4697 JP 2.jpg
+</gallery><small>Jubilee cornet, serial number 4697, coll. John Parker. The last picture shows the serial number on the water keys</small>
-File:F.X. Hüller Diespeck.jpg|<small>Emo ad with reference to Louis Armstrong</small>
+======DEG======
-File:Sydney Morning Herald October 28, 1954.jpg|<small>Sydney Morning Herald October 28, 1954</small>
+Member CDFHorn on the Horn-U-Copia forum states that Modl made some of the DEG instruments, some Ranger II models and some Caravelle models. The ones he mentions have serial numbers 135 (Caravelle, flugel), 335 (Ranger II, cornet), 701 (Ranger II trumpet) and 2601 (Caravelle, trumpet). Although they have some similarities in details, the serial numbers are far too low to be Modl instruments when you realize that they have to be post 1965. because that's when D.E.G. Music Products Co was started in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin USA, by Donald E. Getzen after he split from the Getzen company in Elkhorn.
-File:Louis Armstrong welcome Sidney 1956 NFSA archive.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong welcome in Sidney 1956, with a Selmer, source NFSA archive</small>
+According to the [https://www.getzen.com/inside/history.shtml| Getzen company history], Bob Getzen, who had left Getzen in 1959 to start Allied Music, in 1966 started to build piston bugles for the D.E.G. Music Products Company of his brother Donald. As of 1972 Allied Music begins producing a full line of trumpets, cornets, trombones and marching brass instruments for D.E.G. Maybe these DEG instruments originated here, the low serial numbers would fit perfectly.
-File:Emo World BWillo Armstrong.jpg|<small>Emo brochure with Armstrong advocating Emo trumpets</small>
+<gallery>File:DEG Ranger-II-DEG-Products-Don-E-Getzen-Trumpet.jpg|<small>DEG Ranger II</small>
 </gallery>
-Armstrong in 1956 donated one of his F.X.Hüller instruments to the Huddleston Jazz Band, where it was given to young Hugh Masekela (1939-2018) to play it.
+======Schenkelaars======
-In November 1957, Father Trevor Huddleston published an amazing essay in Harper's Magazine outlining his involvement in the formation of the Huddleston Jazz Band at St. Peter's School in Johannesburg. This is one of the earliest media accounts featuring the young Hugh Masekela who is referred to as "Hugh" in the text. The Reverend discusses how he acquired Hugh's first trumpet from a second-hand music store in Johannesburg in 1954. Huddleston was subsequently also instrumental in securing another trumpet for Hugh, an FX Huller, as a gift from the legendary Louis Armstrong in 1956. Masekela made his first recordings using the "Satchmo" trumpet with the Father Huddleston Band that same year. The group then included Jonas Gwangwa, Zakes Moyake, George Makhene amongst others. The obituary and a sound example of Masekela playing the Emo/Hüller is found at [http://flatint.blogspot.com/2018/01/rest-in-peace-bra-hugh-masekela-1939.html| Flatint blogspot]
+There is a Schenkelaars Champion with similarities to the Emo instruments (waterkeys, baluster, valve caps. And of course the model name). It has a 3 digit serial number (425?). Schenkelaars was a Dutch maker of all kinds of musical instruments, based in Eindhoven. Founded in 1928 by Harry Schenkelaars (11/8/1896- 2/27/1979). They quit in 1988. Champion was not a much used name by Schenkelaars (his labels were Topaz, Prestige, Concorde and later on model numbers) and there's no further evidence.
 <gallery>
-File:Hugh economist.jpg
+File:Schenkelaars_Champion_MP.JPG|<small> Schenkelaars Champion </small>
-File:Hugh Masekela.jpeg
 </gallery>
-<small>Hugh Masekela with his Emo/F.X.Hüller trumpet</small>
-==Ernst Modl serial number overview==
+==The story about Louis Armstrong playing an Emo==
+The Emo trumpet has a reputation that it's also been played by famous trumpeter Louis Armstrong (1901-1971). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong| Louis Armstrong] played dozens of instruments during his lifetime. Even though he believed you could play a trumpet for a long time, he had the habit of playing his trumpets for approximately five years before he passed them on as a gift to a friend or colleague. As he once said: “I give my horns about five years. Of course I look after them, run hot water through the instrument every night so you know it’s going to percolate.”
+For quite some time he used to play a [https://www.selmer.fr/en/artist/louis-armstrong/ Selmer], starting in 1932. (John Chilton's book on Louis Armstrong has a letter from Joe Glaser, his manager, mentioning Louis played a Selmer trumpet serial number 1436 made in 1932.) The Smithsonian Institute in Washington has a 1946 Henri Selmer B-flat custom-made and inscribed trumpet that belonged to Armstrong. On February 22nd, 1946, Armstrong’s manager and close friend, Joe Glaser, wrote to Selmer Instrument Company and asked for a new trumpet custom-made for Armstrong’s use. He stated that Armstrong had been using a Selmer trumpet manufactured in 1932 and wanted 'an exact duplicate'. Selmer agreed and presented him with this inscribed Selmer B-flat trumpet. This personally inscribed trumpet was made only for Armstrong and was not mass produced.
+<gallery>
+File:Selmer King George V 1022.jpg|<small>Selmer trumpet given in 1933 by King George V to Louis Armstrong, sr.nr 1022</small>
+Selmer_Armstrong_autograph_1934.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong autograph from 1934 for Henri Selmer</small>
+File:Louis Armstron Selmer 2008 NYR 02063 0158 000().jpg|<small> The 1946 Henri Selmer B-flat custom-made and inscribed trumpet that belonged to Louis Armstrong</small>
+File:Selmer model 19 Balanced Action Medium Bore Trumpet 1948.png|<small>Selmer model 19 from 1948, given to Duke Donin, Oktober 7th 1953, source Christie's.</small>
+File:Selmer model 19 Balanced Action Medium Bore Trumpet 1948 1.jpg|<small>Selmer model 19 from 1948, given to Duke Donin, Oktober 7th 1953, source Christie's.</small>
+File:Selmer ad 1950.jpg|<small>Selmer ad from 1950 with Armstrong</small>
+</gallery>
-Not all the Modl instruments have serial numbers but I think most have one. And they give a valuable insight in the Emo production. From the first 1000 30 are stencils (mainly bugles) and 45 are Modls own brand. From nr 29 Buffet trumpets chime in, and between 1100 and 4000 Rudy Muck takes 34 against 31 Emo's. 4988 is the 'last' Buffet and highest Emo number so far is 8125.
+Another gold plated Henri Selmer, Paris model 19 balanced action medium bore Trumpet, was made by Selmer in 1948. It's inscribed five years later with ‘DUKE DONIN/from LOUIS “SATCHMO” ARMSTRONG/7/10/53 and was a present to Duke, the eldest son of Abe and Frances Donin, two jazz aficionados whom Armstrong had met in Los Angeles in the 1930s and who became great friends.
-<small>
-{| class="wikitable"
+A year before this gift, Louis Armstrong toured in Germany, and that's when Ernst Modl gave him one of his Emo trumpets as a present. The Fränkische Landeszeitung in 1971 looked back with Ernst Modl, by then 79 years old and still active in his company, at a time that Armstrong had played his last concert. Modl explained that he first tried to hand it over in the nearby Nuremberg (Nürnberg), but the concert there was cancelled last minute by manager Joe Glaser and Modl had to go home. Then he asked a business friend to try to give it to Armstrong in Frankfurt, 115 miles from Neustadt a/d Aisch.
-!
+[[File:Louis Armstron Frankfurt.jpg|thumb|left|<small>Poster for the Louis Armstrong concert in Frankfurt 1952, not yet with an Emo</small>]]That year Armstrong played twice in Frankfurt. On Oktober 11th 1952 he played there in the Frankfurter Franz Althoff-bau, a venue in the Zoo (as he did again on October 26th 1955). On November 30th 1952 he played in the Kongresshalle with his All Star Group (where he came back on 16-1959 and 6-4-1962).
-! Serial number
+The owner of the renowned Frankfurter Konzertdirektion C. Ebner, Mrs. Clara Gunderloch, the German agent of Louis Armstrong, had organized concerts of the orchestra in October 1952 in several North Rhine-Westphalian cities, Cologne, Düsseldorf, Essen and Wuppertal. (sidestep: five years later Gunderloch in last resort lost a juridical battle, about a tax reduction on the ticketprice she claimed. Discount or remission of entertainment tax is usually granted when the competent tax authority accepts the 'artistically high' or 'culturally valuable' ratings for an event. Which in this case they didn't.) In 1952 Armstrong also went to the newly opened Jazz Keller in Frankfurt, Europe's number one jazz hangout where he spilled red wine all over his tuxedo, trying to maneuver through the crowd. In Frankurt he was also interviewed for the Armed Forces Radio Services. The Emo trumpet was handed over at his farewell concert, thus the paper, so probably the last concert on November 30th.
-! Model
-! Notes
+The Fränkische Landeszeitung quotes a letter from Armstrong to Modl, seven months after he got the trumpet: "It's something in your trumpet that makes your whole soul feel good and relaxed". Armstrong describes to Modl how he just finished a six week tour with Benny Goodmans Band and his own All Stars (in April/May 1953). All the trumpet players wanted to play the Emo and all were enthousiastic, thus Armstrong.
-! Source
+(In an interview in [https://www.jazzwax.com/2009/09/index.html Jazzwax] in 2009, trumpeter Al Stewart, who was on this tour with Goodman, describes his version: "Once I asked Louis if I could blow his horn. He said sure. So I did. It wasn't any better or worse than mine [laughs].")
-!
-|-
+Armstrong asks Modl in the same letter to send him another Emo, for emergency cases. It had to be gold plated, a wish of his manager Joe Glaser, he states. Glaser also had arranged the gold plating of Armstrongs' first Emo, which costed him $118... Armstrong asks Modl in the letter for yet another Emo, that has to be sent to Duke Donin, 4853 Mioland Drive, Los Angeles, the same Duke Donin that earlier got his Selmer, who's 12 or 14 years old by then. Duke Donin passed away in 2018, his Armstrong Selmer made it to [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26ADFtlaCp8| Christie's] (where it sold for some $275.000). It's unclear what happened to his Emo.
-|
+The first Emo Armstrong got, was engraved with the Emo logo and the F.X.Hüller Neustadt a/d Aisch name. In his first thank you letter Armstrong did not write to Ernst Modl but to Mr. Hüller because the company was still called that name. Various letters followed, which were translated Modls daughter and also visits in Neustadt a/d Aisch. They had their birthday on the same day, so that created a bond.
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | Professional
+===His first Emo===
-|
-|
+The first Emo trumpet that was given to Armstrong has the Emo logo, and a special engraving. It says:
-|
+[[File:F.X.Hüller engraving.jpg|thumb|left|<small>The text on Armstrong's first Emo trumpet</small>]]
-|-
+[[File:First Emo Louis Armstrong.jpg|thumb|right|<small>The text on Armstrong's first Emo trumpet, picture through Pula Twala</small>]]
-|
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4?
+<b>To the King of Trumpeters
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | Professional
-|
+Mr LOUIS ARMSTRONG
-|
-|
+dedicated from
-|-
-|
+F.X. HÜLLER & Co.
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4?
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
+Brass Instrument Manufacturers
-|
-|
+NEUSTADT/AISCH
-|
-|-
+and
-|
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 11
+Music Store SOLDAN NURNBERG </b>
-| style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
-| single valve bugle ?
+As said, 'Nürnberg' was the place where Modl intended to give the instrument to Armstrong. Music store Soldan (Musikhaus W. & L. Soldan) maybe sponsored the gift or was the ticket for Modl to get to Armstrong. Musikhaus Soldan was in 1929 re-registered as trading things like radios, gramophones, Odeon, Parlophon and Columbia records.
-|
+[[File:Musikhaus Soldan.JPG|thumb|left]]
-|
+L. Soldan was Luise Hensolt - Soldan, who was next to being owner of the music store well known as concert agent in Nuremberg. (In a book Kultur in Nürnberg 1945 - 1950 she is presented as 'the concert promoter who essentially determined Nuremberg's musical life' and quoted as complaining about the lack of concert halls in Nuremberg as wel as about the popularity of 'modern' music concerts, shortly after WWII. Now the question is, did Joe Glaser skip the Nürnberg concert because of this and/or because he could get a better deal from the C. Ebner concert agency in Frankfurt?)
-|-
-|
+The trumpet has no serial number, it has not the Emo/Selmer like waterkeys but standard ones and an underslung third valve ring that's also found on the Selmer trumpets Armstrong played. It also has z-shaped braces instead of the later Emo baluster type. Waterkeys and braces confirm that it's an early Emo indeed.
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 12
+[[File:Letter August 5th 1955.jpg|thumb|left|<small>Letter from Louis Armstrong to Ernst Modl, dated August 5th 1955</small>]]
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion Super
-|
+In a letter dated August 5th. 1955 Armstrong repeats that "the EMO trumpet is the finest horn that I've ever played in my whole life." He thanks Modl for two trumpets he sent him, and tells him that he still has the first trumpet and had it overhauled.
-|
-|
+There's a picture that was exhibited at an exposition in Neustadt of Armstrong with Modl and Modl's daughter Adrienne and an Emo trumpet. Armstrong choose three out of 15 Modl trumpets in Nürnberg, states the description. The trumpet in these pictures is not the first Emo Armstrong got but the later Emo World, that has different waterkeys and a different pinky hook. This get together must have been during his 1955 tour to Germany, the first time Modl and Armstrong could have met in person. So far I haven't found evidence that Armstrong performed in Nürnberg that year.
-|-
+<gallery>
-|
+File:Fremde in Neustadt.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong with Ernst Modl and his daughter, picture at exhibition Fremde in Neustadt, Harald Munzinger 2017</small>
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 13
+File:Louis armstrong ernst modl.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong with Ernst Modl and his daughter Adrienne, picture Harald Munzinger 2017</small>
-| style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
+File:Modl and Armstrong.jpg|<small>Ernst Modl and Louis Armstrong, source: Fränkische Landeszeitung 03.04.1971</small>
-| Germany 2 valve?
+</gallery>
-|
+The Graslitzer Heimatbrief of December 1955, a periodical for Germans that were expelled from Sudetenland, Louis Armstrong is quoted as saying: 'I only play on trumpets of my friend Ernst Modl."
-|
-|-
+Ricky Riccardi, author of 'What a Wonderful World: The Magic of Louis Armstrong's Later Years' is quoted on Trumpetenforum, stating that Armstrong played the Emo from 1952 till the end of his second Australian tour in 1956, which took place April 1956. Armstrong did his first tour to Australia in 1954. I think he didn't play an Emo on his second tour in 1956, more about that later.
-|
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 18
+That means that the Emo can be heard on recordings such as 'Satchmo Live in Melbourne Australia 1954 & 1956' and (partly) 'Ambassador Satch' that was (partly) recorded in Amsterdam 1955.
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
-| trombone
+ <b>Friedel Keim</b>
-|
+ Friedel Keim states in 'Das Grosse Buch der Trompete' that Louis Armstrong played an EMO World de luxe - No. 2503, that costed 170 RM in 1948. Modl gave Armstrong in Frankfurt am Main one of his trumpets in 1952 and after his tour with the Benny Goodman Band and his All-Stars Armstrong had sent some more EMOs and never again changed the brand... Thus Keim. According to Mario Rippert, Keim had this information from Franz Riedl and his cousin Adrienne, the daughter of Ernst Modl.
-|
+ I think Friedel Keim is not right about the price in 1948, Modl didn't produce trumpets at that time, and also not about Armstrong staying with Emo as he returned to a Selmer in 1956.
-|-
+ The 2503 serial number he mentions is interesting. Modl started making piston trumpets after 1951, and made some 8100 instruments till 1972. So it might be the serial number of one of the later instruments Armstrong ordered, as the first one he got didn't have a serial number.
-|
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 18
+===Armstrong playing Emo 1952 - 1954===
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
-|
+The common story is that Armstrong played an Emo during his tour in Australia but in fact he played the Emo consequently in the years from (the end of) 1952 till 1956. I found a lot of pictures confirming that he played an Emo, but I'm not sure when exactly he started playing the Emo. There is one picture with Armstrong obviously playing a Selmer that is dated 1953 (or on other places Jan 1st 1953, which means the exact date is unknown). In a [https://www.ardaudiothek.de/episode/rbb-retro-1955/louis-armstrong-in-berlin-oder-ein-gespraech/rbb/12042643/ radio interview] October 27th 1955 in Berlin, where Armstrong confirms playing an Emo, he says (somewhere around 4'17"): 'I'm playing it since the last time I was here'. That would be between October 9th and 16th 1952. On October 26th or 28th 1952 he was in Cinecitta, Rome, where he played a part in the movie [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZ5iPTcooxI La Route du Bonheur]. Theere he still plays the Selmer. During the tour with Goodman in April/May 1953 he played the Emo, as he states in a letter to Ernst Modl. So far I found only one picture of that tour, with what I don't think is an Emo.
-|
-|
+On the 9th Cavalcade of jazz on June 4th 1953 in Los Angeles he is pictured with what must be the Emo. Then, on a picture of a June 24th 1953 concert in Pasadena California in the 'Gene Norman Presents Just Jazz'series, clearly shows the Hüller Emo. As does one from his Japan tour in December 1953. From his Japan tour onwards pictures show him consistently with his Emo.
-|-
+Armstrong's first Emo has an unique engraving and in addition, unlike the standard Emo, a Selmer like pinky ring and an underslung ring for the third valve tube. His second Emo also has that underslung ring. Obviously these are custom adjustments because Armstrong was used to this feature on his Selmer trumpet. The Emo resembles a Selmer also in other details like waterkeys and valve buttons but there are distinct differences. There are a few pictures of Armstrong and his trumpet from this period where the Hüller or the Emo logo de facto can be read. On the other pictures, the main give away is the brace in the main tuning slide. On the Emo that brace is placed in the bow, and therefore it's more forward placed, Selmers have that brace between the tubes. The Emo also misses a stop rod.
-| p
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 29
+Armstrong played his first Emo/Hüller during the 1953 Japan tour, where the Nürnberg inscription can be read on his instrument. The same inscription can be seen on the trumpet he plays at a Columbia studio session in Chicago, July 13th, 1954.
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
-|
+The pictures below show Armstrong with his first Emo trumpet during these years. It's a bit of an overload but it makes clear that he played the Emo without interruptions.
-|
-|
+<gallery>
-|-
-|
+File:Louis Armstrong Huller trumpet.jpg|<small>Armstrong and his first Emo, New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, picture Herman Hiller, 1953</small>
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 30
+File:Jamming during the Armstrong Goodman tour 1953 Helen Ward collection.jpg|<small>Jamming during the Armstrong Goodman tour 1953. The second trumpeter from right is Al Stewart, Helen Ward collection</small>
-| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+File:9th Cavalcade of Jazz, Los Angeles 1953 with Clara Yaeju.jpg|<small> Louis Armstrong pictured with Clara Yaeju on the 9th Cavalcade of Jazz, June 7th Los Angeles</small>
-| bought in Trier ca 1964
+File:Armstrong 24 juni 1953 Pasadena Civic Auditorium.png|<small>Members of Bob Scobey's Frisco Jazz Band and Louis Armstrong's All Stars, June 24th Pasadena Civic Auditorium, photo: Ray Avery</small>
-|
+File:Louis Armstrong Japanese Tour 1954 1.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong bringing his Emo/Hüller trumpet on tour in Japan, December 1953</small>
-|
+File:Armstrong Chicago December 30 1953.jpeg|<small>Clipping from Down Beat dated December 30th 1953 with Louis Armstrong as Santa, playing his Emo</small>
-|-
+File:Armstrong at Columbia Chicago studio session, 13 July 1954.jpg|<small>Armstrong at Columbia Chicago studio session, 13 July 1954</small>
-|
+File:Armstrong at Columbia Chicago studio session, 13 July 1954 1.jpg|<small>Armstrong at the same Columbia session</small>
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 32
+File:Louis Armstrong 1954 Bettmann.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong with his first Emo trumpet, CBS historic drama series You Are There features Louis Armstrong in The Emergence of Jazz episode. Image dated August 30, 1954, source: Bettmann Archives</small>
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+File:Robert Merrill and Louis Armstrong in Las Vegas 19 oktober 1954 0.png|<small>File:Robert Merrill and Louis Armstrong in Las Vegas ca.19 Oktober 1954 </small>
-|
+</gallery>
-|
+Armstrong first visited Australia in 1954, making him the first black headline act to tour the country since the Australian Musicians’ Union implemented a ‘no coloured’ rule 3 decades earlier. American promoter Lee Gordon seized the opportunity to bring Armstrong to Australia. In October 1954, 23,000 Australians saw him play over 2 nights at Sydney Stadium. During this tour he played his first Emo.
-|
+<gallery>
-|-
+File:Louis_Armstrong_arrival_Sydney_Airport_October_1954.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong arrives in Sydney, Sydney Morning Herald October 1954</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong arrives at Sydney's Mascot Airport, Sydney Morning Herald 1954.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong arrives at Sydney's Mascot Airport, Sydney Morning Herald 1954</small>
+File:4 november 1954 Louis Armstrong at Sydney Airport, Australia after his Arrival from San Francisco, Usa.jpg|<small>Armstrong at Sydney Airport after his arrival from San Francisco, 4 november 1954</small>
+File:Sydney Morning Herald October 28, 1954.jpg|<small>Sydney Morning Herald October 28, 1954</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong at his first concert 29 oktober Sydney Morning Herald 0.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong at his first concert 29 oktober 1954, source: Sydney Morning Herald</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong backstage at his first concert Stadium Sydney 29 october 1954.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong backstage at his first concert at The Stadium Sydney 29 october 1954</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong backstage Sydney 29 10 1954 F Burke.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong backstage at his first concert at The Stadium Sydney 29 october 1954, picture (mirrored) F.Burke</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong crashed at Sydney wedding 6 november 1954.jpg|<small>Armstrong crashed at wedding of Sam and Virginia Calacoci at Martin Place function centre, Sydney, 6 november 1954, source: Daily Telegraph</small>
+File:Lewis Armstrong 11 november 1954.jpg|<small>Armstrong with tennis star Lewis Hoad at Mascot Airport Sydney November 11th 1954</small>
+File:F.X. Hüller Diespeck.jpg|<small>Emo ad with reference to Louis Armstrong</small>
+File:J Stanley Johnston.jpg|<small>Add from J. Stanley Johnston, musical instrument importer in Sydney, source: brasshistory.net</small>
+File:Emo World BWillo Armstrong.jpg|<small>Emo brochure with Armstrong advocating Emo trumpets</small>
+</gallery>
+And here's a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ku2BxK_BPA| videoclip] of Armstrong holding his Emo while singing the Wiffenpoof song in a television clip form 1954, with Eddy Fisher.
+===1955 Berlin, Newport, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, The Hague, Amsterdam, Paris, Barcelona and more===
+For the Columbia recording session on April 26th Armstrong already plays his second Emo, as he does during his tours in 1955. this one has the Emo World logo. So somewhere between November 1954 and April 1955 he must have changed from the Hüller/Emo to the Emo World. On August 5th, 1955, Armstrong wrote to Ernst Modl about 'two wonderful trumpets' Modl had sent him. It's probably one of these trumpets (or both) that he uses these years. He also mentions that he had his first Emo trumpet overhauled and 'it looks the same as I first recieved it from you'. Below the pictures that I found of Armstrong with his Emo trumpet during these years.
+<gallery>
+File:Armstrong with Emo World undated Getty.jpg|<small> Armstrong with the Emo World on an undated picture. source: Getty</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong Hollywood ca 1955 Michael Ochs.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong with Emo trumpet, undated, ca 1955 Hollywood by Michael Ochs</small>
+File:Armstrong at Columbia Studios NYC session, 26 April 1955.jpg|<small>Armstrong at Columbia Studios NYC session, 26 April 1955</small>
+File:Gary Crosby Show 8 7 1955.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong at the CBS Gary Cosby show July 8th 1955, source CBS Radio</small>
+File:Gary Crosby Show 8 7 1955 1.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong at the CBS Gary Cosby show July 8th 1955, source CBS Radio</small>
+File:Armstrong with Emo Herman Leonard AP.jpg|<small>Armstrong with the Emo, Newport Jazz Festival July 1955, photo Herman Leonard</small>
+File:Louis and Velma July 15th 1955 Newport.jpg|<small>Armstrong and Velma Middleton, Newport Jazz festival July 15th 1955</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong with Lotte Lenya 28 september 1955.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong with Lotte Lenya, recording Macky Messer. September 28th 1955</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong and Lotte Lenya source Bettman.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong with Lotte Lenya, recording Macky Messer. September 28th 1955, with this Emo, source: Bettman archives</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong Bettmann Emo World.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong, Oslo October 8th 1955 with Emo World trumpet, Riksarkivet</small>
+File:Louis_Armstrong_Oslo_Oct_8_1955_2.jpg|<small>Armstrong in Oslo with his clearly recognizable Emo World, October 8th 1955, Riksarkivet</small>
+File:Armstrong at Students Club Kopenhagen 1956.jpg|<small>Armstrong at Students Club Copenhagen, Oct.12th 1955</small>
+File:Armstrong 13 okt 1955 K.B. Hallen Copenhagen photo Willy Lund.jpg|<small>Armstrong October 13th 1955 K.B. Hallen Copenhagen photo Willy Lund</small>
+File:Armstrong in Kopenhagen 1956 2.jpg|<small>Armstrong in Copenhagen, 1955 photo Lennart Steen</small>
+File:Armstrong in Kopenhagen 1956.jpg|<small>Armstrong in Copenhagen, 1955</small>
+File:Armstrong Halle Munsterland Munster 21 Oktober 1955.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in Halle Münsterland in Münster, Oct.21st 1955</small>
+File:Armstrong Middleton Halle Munsterland Munster 21 Oktober 1955.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong and Velma Middleton in Halle Münsterland in Münster</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong 1955 Frankfurt.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in Frankfurt/Main, around October 26th 1955, photo: Heinz-Jürgen Göttert/dpa</small>
+File:Jazz Club Berlin 50er Jahre Louis Armstrong.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in a Jazz Club Berlin, probably around October 27th 1955</small>
+File:Jazz Club Berlin 50er Jahre Louis Armstrong 2.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in a Jazz Club Berlin, probably around October 27th 1955</small>
+File:Armstrong in West Berlin 1955.jpg|<small>Armstrong in West Berlin 1955</small>
+File:Armstrong at Kurfürstendamm 26 10 1955 DHM.jpg|<small>Armstrong at the Kurfürstendamm, October 26th 1955</small>
+File:Armstrong Berlin Kürfurstendamm 23 mei 1955.png|<small> Armstrong at the Kurfürstendamm, Berlin incorrectly dated May 23rd 1955 by Getty</small>
+File:Program Amsterdam Den Haag 1955.jpg|<small>Programm cover The Hague Amsterdam, October 29th 1955</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong 29-10-1955 Houtrusthallen Den Haag.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong at the Houtrusthallen in The Hague, October 29th 1955</small>
+File:Louis armstrong 1955 in Amsterdam.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam Oct 29th, 1955. Funny detail is that Selmer shows this picture on their company website as if it were a Selmer</small>
+File:Armstrong visits amsterdam 3.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam October 29th, 1955</small>
+File:Armstrong visits amsterdam 2.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam October 29th, 1955</small>
+File:Armstrong visits amsterdam.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam October 29th, 1955</small>
+File:Armstrong visits Amsterdam 30 10 1955.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam October 29th, 1955. On this picture and the next you can recognize the Emo World logo, this is another Emo than a the Emo/Hüller one Modl first gave him</small>
+File:Armstrong in concertgebouw 1955 HH.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam October 29th, 1955, source: HH</small>
+File:Armstrong in concertgebouw 1955 HH 2.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam October 29th, 1955, source: HH</small>
+File:Armstrong Amsterdam Concertgebouw 1955 with Trummy Young Edmund Hall.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam Concertgebouw, October 29th, 1955, with Trummy Young and Edmund Hall</small>
+File:Armstrong visits Amsterdam 5 LAM.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam October 29th, 1955, source: LAM</small>
+File:Armstrong, Trummy Young Edmund Hall N.V. Int. Filmpers I.F.P. Amsterdam 1955 no. 1035. Photo Joel Elkins.jpg|<small>postcard Louis Armstrong in Amsterdam Concertgebouw, October 29th, 1955, with Trummy Young and Edmund Hall, Photo Joel Elkins</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong Velma Middleton Brussel 30 10 1955.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong and Velma Middleton, October 30th 1955, when they performed at 18.00 and 21.00 pm at Palais des beaux Arts, Brussels, photo Claude George</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong 30 oktober 1955 Brussel.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong and Trummy Young in Brussels, October 30th 1955</small>
+File:Louis Armstron Brussels.jpg|<small>poster for the Brussels concerts, October 30th 1955</small>
+File:Armstrong-1955-Kloten with Tremble Kids from Zurich.jpg|<small> Armstrong arrives at airport Kloten, Zürich, Suisse, November 7th, 1955</small>
+File:SFW-1955-11-11-LouisArmstrong-Flughafen Kloten.jpg|<small> Armstrong arrives at airport Kloten, Zürich, Suisse, November 7th, 1955</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong at Kloten Airport 1955.jpg|<small> Armstrong arrives at airport Kloten, Zürich, Suisse, November 7th, 1955</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong at Kloten Airport 1955 2.jpg|<small> Armstrong arrives at airport Kloten, Zürich, Suisse, November 7th, 1955</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong 1955 Kloten Emo.jpg|<small> Armstrong arrives at airport Kloten, Zürich, Suisse, November 7th, 1955</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong Casino Bern 10 11 1955 Walter Studer.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong at the Casino in Bern, November 10th 1955, photo Walter Studer</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong in the dressing room at the Olympia in Paris January 01 1955..jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong in the dressing room at the Olympia in Paris 1955, source Getty</small>
+File:Armstrong Jeanloup Sieff Paris 1955.jpg|<small>Armstrong, Paris 1955, picture is mirrored, photo Jeanloup Sieff</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong L'Olympia 1955 3.jpg|<small> Armstrong at L'Olympia Paris, coll. Roger Viollet</small>
+File:Armstrong Olympia Paris 1955.jpg|<small>Armstrong, L'Olympia Paris 1955, photo LAM</small>
+File:Armstrong 1955 Paris Jean Pierre Leloir.jpg|<small>Armstrong, L'Olympia Paris 17 november 1955, photo Jean Pierre Leloir</small>
+File:Armstrong Olympia 1955.jpg|<small>Armstrong, L'Olympia Paris 1955</small>
+File:Armstrong Olympia Paris 1955 Lipnitzki.jpg|<small>Armstrong, L'Olympia Paris 1955, photo Lipnitzki</small>
+File:Armstrong Paris 1955 Jean Claude Bernath.jpg|<small>Armstrong, Paris 1955, photo Jean Claude Bernath</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong 17 november 1955 Luc Fournol.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong 17 november 1955, photo Luc Fournol</small>
+File:Armstrong Paris nov 1955 Simon Michou.jpg|<small>Armstrong the Olympia dressing room, Paris, november 1955, photo Simon Michou</small>
+File:Cover Historic Barcelona Concerts at the Windsor Palace 1955.jpg|<small>CD cover of a live registration of a concert December 23rd 1955 at Windsor Palace Cinema in Barcelona</small>
+File:Windsor Palace Cinema, Barcelona, on December 23, 1955.jpg|<small> Louis Armstrong at Windsor Palace Cinema, Barcelona, on December 23rd, 1955</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong Konzerthaus Wien 28 december 1955.jpg|<small>Armstrong at Konzerthaus Wien on December 28th 1955, with his Emo, photo: Scheidl</small>
+File:Armstrong_back_from_3_months_European_Tour_12_31_1955_New_York_at_Idlewild_Airport,_heading_for_Hollwywood_to_make_a_film.jpg|<small>Armstrong on Dec. 31st 1955 at Idlewild Airport, NY returning from 3 months European Tour, heading for Hollywood to make a film</small>
+File: Louis Armstrong returns from a European Tour.png|<small>Armstrong returns from a European Tour, New York Daily News Archive</small>
+</gallery>
+When he arrives in Zürich Switzerland [https://www.srf.ch/news/flughafen-zuerich/videos/sieger-louis-armstrong at the Kloten Airport] he plays a little on his Emo. At the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9FLXAhNHPc concerts] in Zurich (November 7th in the Kongresshaus) and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=We5W8aUQ9oA Lyon (Palais D'Hiver, November 12th & 13th, 1955)] Armstrong also plays an Emo.
+The next picture shows Armstrong with Guylaine Guy in Paris and is dated December 15th, 1955 on a Flickr page, but elsewhere as November 25th, which makes more sense. Here Guylaine doesn't hold an Emo. Which is kind of strange, because later that year in Barcelona Armstrong definitely plays an Emo. Armstrong is said to have performed in the Olympia in Paris with Guylaine. He was there November 17th. There's also a recording of them singing [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuayiN6Wa_Q C'est ci bon]. And then there is a story on the [https://ici.radio-canada.ca/ohdio/premiere/emissions/aujourd-hui-l-histoire/segments/entrevue/398458/guylaine-guy-cabaret-princesse-rythme Radio Canada website] that tells how she was elected Princess of Rhythm at L'Olympia by Armstrong on the occasion of the the name day of Saint Caecilia, patron of the musicians, which is November 25th. (On December 10, the French crowned her “Espoir of 1956” at the Triomphe of the Year prize, so she was really hot).
+Just a hypothesis: could it be that Armstrong picked up a new Selmer in Paris, where the Selmer factory is located at a 1 hour drive?
+<gallery>File:Louis Armstrong Guylaine Guy 15 december 1955 Paris.jpg
+File:Louis_Armstrong_Guylaine_Guy_25_november_1955_Paris.jpg
+File:Louis Armstrong Guylaine Guy.jpg</gallery>
+===1956 Second Australian Tour, Armstrong playing Emo?===
+The second tour to Australia should have been the last period that Armstrong plays his Emo, according to Ricky Riccardi. The tour brings him between April 5th and 23rd 1956 in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and Adelaide. In the tour programm there's an ad for the Emo from musical instrument importer J. Stanley Johnston with a quote from Armstrong: "I want to thank you for making one of the finest instruments that I have ever played on in my whole career of playing music.....I honestly want to say this, it's something in your trumpet that makes your whole soul feel good and relaxed... I'm sure it's the material... that's why I say 'Dig that easy blowing trumpet....dig it man'."
+<gallery>
+File:Lee Gordon presents Louis Armstrong, with Velma Middleton, Peg Leg Bates, e.a. 1956.jpg|<small>Second Australian Tour 1956 concert programm</small>
+File:Second Australian Tour concert programm 3.jpg|<small>pages from Second Australian Tour Programm with EMO ad. On the left side he obviously plays another instrument.</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong welcome Sidney 1956 NFSA archive.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong welcome in Sidney 1956 source NFSA archive</small>
+</gallery>
+But, earlier that year, at the set of the movie High Society in January 1956 Armstrong already played a Selmer again. And on a picture that's dated March 22nd 1956 he has a Selmer in his hand.
+<gallery>Louis and Jake Armstrong 1956-03-22 John W.Moshley.jpg</gallery><small>Louis and Jake Armstrong 1956-03-22, photo [https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/collection/p15037coll17/id/55 John W.Moshley]</small>
+So I don't think Armstrong played Emo on his second tour to Australia. And he certainly didn't afterwards.
+The next stop after the Australian tour is London where he arrives May 3rd and plays ten concerts in the Empress Hall. One of the pieces is [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcgoJkU6t7M Macky Messer] on, indeed a new Selmer.
+When he gets out of the plane on his tour to [https://youtu.be/V2XrVX-pUJQ Ghana] May 24th 1956, he is also holding a Selmer. And at a concert with the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekZ6oUGC04k New York Philharmonic] on July 14th 1956, Armstrong is playing St. Louis Blues on a Selmer.
+===In the movies and shows===
+In The Glenn Miller Story,  where Armstrong appears along James Stewart as Glenn Miller, he plays an Emo. The movie premiered on  February 10th, 1954. Armstrong plays his first Emo trumpet, here's an [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAGR6_Kryms short clip].
+<gallery>
+File:Armstrong 1953 Glenn Miller.jpg|<small>Armstrong with his Emo on a Glenn Miller Story lobby card, copyright dated 1953</small>
+File:Armstrong Glenn Miller Story.jpg|<small>Armstrong with Gene Krupa and James Stewart</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong James Stewart.jpg|<small>Armstrong with James Stewart. The Emo logo clearly recognizable</small>
+File:The Glenn Miller Story lobby card with Gene Krupa 1954.jpg|<small>The Glenn Miller Story lobby card, with Gene Krupa</small>
+File:Armstrong and June Allyson on the set of The Glenn Miller Story 1953.jpeg|<small>Armstrong and June Allyson on the set of The Glenn Miller Story 1953</small>
+File:The Glenn Miller Story-Louis Armstrong 1953.jpg|<small>Armstrong and his Emo</small>
+File:The Glenn Miller Story.jpg|<small>Still from the Glenn Miller Story with James Stewart, Gene Krupa, Louis Armstrong and his Emo, </small>
+File:Armstrong Glenn Miller.jpg|<small>Another still</small>
+File:Stewart Armstrong Glenn Miller Story.jpg|<small>And yet another still from the Glenn Miller Story</small>
+File:Armstrong Glenn Miller lobby card.jpg|<small>And the same picture used as a lobby card</small>
+File:Armstrong sings Land of Dreams.jpg|<small> And another still where Armstrong sings Land of Dreams, according to the backside of the picture.soource: Universal Pictures Company Inc., 1953</small>
+</gallery>
+In a CBS broadcast on September 5th 1954 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynes8e9kznw "THE EMERGENCE OF JAZZ"], a recreation of the closing of Storyville, Armstrong plays the role of King Oliver, on his Emo.
+In the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-gKNeLwbI4 Colgate Comedy Hour's] fall tv debut of September 19th, 1954 in the Hollywood Bowl, Armstrong shows up at 28'15" with his Emo. He's singing [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6ucxZ9bnbo the Whippenproof Song]. Backstage he's pictured with Peggy Lee.
+<gallery>
+File:Louis Armstrong and Peggy Lee 1954.jpg
+File:Louis Armstrong and Peggy Lee 1954.png
+</gallery>
+In [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xum6ULWbIX0 High Society], released July 17th, 1956, but recorded between 18 January 1956 - 6 March 1956, Armstrong  plays a Selmer. Bing Cosby and Grace Kelly were two of the actors starring. That year Downbeat magazine shows Armstrong in a Selmer ad again.
+<gallery>
+File:Louis_Armstrong_Grace_Kelly_High_Society_1956.jpg
+File:Armstrong with Grace Kelly at the set of High Society.jpg
+File:Louis Armstrong Grace Kelly 3.jpg
+File:Selmer_Armstrong_approx_1956_Down_Beat.jpg
+</gallery>
+===Covers===
+Louis Armstrong is pictured with an Emo trumpet on several covers of records, books, programms and magazines.
+These pictures sometimes appear on publications at a time when Armstrong already played Selmer again, like there are a lot of Selmer pictures used at the time when he already played the Emo. Below are the covers where the Emo is pictured.
+<gallery>
+File:Zat You Santa Claus recorded 22 oktober 1953.jpg|<small>Cover EP Zat You Santa Claus, recorded 22 oktober 1953</small>
+File:Cover Our World August 1954.jpg|<small>Cover of Our World, August 1954 with the first Emo/Hüller trumpet</small>
+File:Ebony August 1954.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong with his Emo on the cover of Ebony, August 1954. Quote: 'Blacker the cherry, sweeter the juice.'</small>
+File:Armstrong op Emo.jpg|<small>cover The Louis Armstrong Collection Artist Transcriptions Hal Leonard, playing an Emo</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong at the Crescendo.png|<small>Emo trumpet on the cover of Louis Armstrong at the Crescendo Vol 1 Part 4, recorded Jan 21, 1955, Brunswick records</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong and the All Star Glenn Miller Story.jpg|<small>Cover of Música y Lágrimas, Louis Armstrong And The All Stars - The Glenn Miller Story, EP Decca studio recording, issued by Columbia 19-2-1955, produced and printed in Spain. On the backside of the cover Armstrong is pictured with a Selmer.</small>
+File:The Glenn Miller Story LP.jpg|<small>Cover of The Glenn Miller story, soundtrack of the movie, Coral, COPS 1008</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong Philips minigroove.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong plays W.C.Handy, playing an Emo, 1954</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong minigroove.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong and his Orchestra, Body and Soul, 1956, playing an Emo, picture made in Amsterdam, 1955</small>
+File:The Great Chicago Concert Medina Temple June 1, 1956.jpg|<small>Cover of The Great Chicago concert, June 1st 1956 at Medina Temple.</small>
+File:Take it Satch Mono EP UK 1956 Philips.jpg|<small>Cover Take it Satch!, mono EP UK 1956, Philips, with his first Emo/Hüller</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong Take it Satch!.jpg|<small>Cover of Take it Satch!, Philips Minigroove EP, recorded 1955, partly in Milan, December 22nd 1955, released 1960 Germany</small>
+File:Cover The complete Louis Armstrong Columbia and RCA Victor Studio Sessions 1946-1966.jpg|<small>cover of The complete Louis Armstrong Columbia and RCA Vitor Studio sessions 1946 - 1966, released in 2021. Picture taken at Columbia studio, where he recorded in 1954-1956</small>
+File:Down Beat Jazz Music Mag Louis Armstrong 01 11 1956.png|<small>Down Beat Jazz Music Magazine cover with Armstrong and his first Emo</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong Boston Concert 1947 Brunswick 1957.jpg|<small>Cover of Louis Armstrong Boston Concert Volume 1, recorded Nov.30 1947, Brunswick release 1957</small>
+File:Cover Louis Armstrong Town Hall Concert.jpg|<small>Cover of the RCA Louis Armstrong Town Hall Concert release of 1957. The concert was 1947, picture is from the Emo years</small>
+File:Cover Berendt jazz van new-orleans tot cool.jpg|<small>Cover J.E. Berendt 'jazz van new-orleans tot cool', Dutch edition ca. 1955</small>
+File:Louis Armstron mijn-jeugd-in-new-orleans 1958.jpg|<small>Cover of Louis Armstrong 'Mijn jeugd in New Orleans', autobiography in Dutch, published in 1958</small>
+File:Louis_Armstrong_in_Mijn_Jeugd_1958.jpg|<small>Picture of Armstrong with an Emo in 'Mijn jeugd in New Orleans', published 1958</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong La mia vita a New Orleans.jpg|<small>Cover of Satchmo 'La mia vita a New Orleans', Italian autobiography, published 2004</small>
+File:The Columbia & RCA Victor Live Recordings Vol. 3.jpg|<small>Cover The Columbia & RCA Victor Live Recordings Vol. 3, released 2018, picture made at the Olympia Paris, 1955</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong Satchmo the Great Emo.jpg|<small>Programm cover for Louis Armstrong show in Beirut, April 1959 with an Emo, picture taken in Amsterdam 1955</small>
+File:Armstrong Palais des Sports Paris 1965.jpg|<small>Cover of The Essential Louis Armstrong, recorded 1965 in Paris</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong Zurich cover Live in Zurich 18 10 1949.jpg|<small>Cover of Louis Armstrong All Stars Live in Zürich 18.10.1949 with a picture of his arrival in 1955</small>
+File:The very best of louis armstrong.jpg|<small>Cover The very best of Louis Armstrong CD, Mastersong, photo Frank Driggs Collection</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong The Definitive Collection picture Olympia Paris 1955.jpg|<small>Cover of Louis Armstrong The Definitive Collection CD from 2006, picture taken in Olympia 1955</small>
+File:Armstrong For Ever Odeon 0sx 143 144.jpg|<small>Cover of Armstrong For Ever, 1926-1931 songs, released in France 1959 Odeon osx 143 144</small>
+File:Just Jazz 3 Louis Armstrong.jpg|<small>Cover of Just Jazz 3, by Sinclair Traill and Gerald Lascelles, published by Four Square Books in 1959</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong Chicago Concert.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong Chicago Concert (June 1st 1956) released 1980 CBS</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong's All Stars – Basin Street Blues.jpg|<small>Louis Armstrong's All Stars – Basin Street Blues, recorded July 1956 and October 17, 1957, released 1989 Black Lion Records</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong Essentiel Jazz vol 1 Sony.jpg|<small>Cover of Louis Armstrong Essentiel Jazz vol.1, Sony 1994 </small>
+File:Elmore cover 2010-05 Herman Hiller 1953.jpg|<small> Cover of Elmore, May 2010, with the well known 1953 picture of Armstrong and his first Emo, photo Herman Hiller</small>
+File:Louis Armstrong The Okeh, Columbia & RCA Victor recordings.jpg|<small>Cover of Louis Armstrong The Okeh, Columbia & RCA Victor recordings, Sony 2014 </small>
+</gallery>
+===Back to Selmer===
+After the Emo, Armstrong returned to Selmer. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0olhNr566Z0/ <i>Here</i> Greg Englert] is trying out a Selmer that's kept at Louis Armstrong Archive, Queens College, New York. A Selmer K Modified, serial number 20405, made in 1960/1961.
+Now there's of course the question <i>why</i> Armstrong moved from Selmer to Emo and why did he go back after 4 years.
+In 1953 the other famous Selmer player Harry James (1916- 1983) also moved to another brand, he went to play a King Symphony. "Because Selmer wouldn't make a 'Harry James' model", as Trumpetherald member Textr states. Selmer had made a 'Louis Armstrong balanced model', way back in 1933 already. And they had used his name and picture regularly in their advertisements. One could speculate about Selmer no longer being interested in Armstrong, or Armstrong's manager Joe Glaser wanting too much in return for the endorsement. Armstrong had moved from the bigband to his All Stars line up, new jazz greats like Miles Davis were emerging, Armstrongs popularity under the black audiences had diminished, he got critical reactions when he used the word 'darkies'. But in Europe he still was hugely popular.
+In an unpublished interview with his wife Lucille, presented on the Louis Armstrong House Museum site, she gives a little insight in the way Louis Armstrong went from one trumpet to the next. The article refers to Selmer presenting Armstrong his first Selmer instrument during his engagement at the London Paladium in 1933. It states that 'Religiously every two years since then until his death the company sent the trumpet player a new instrument'. Lucille describes the proces: "When he got the new horn, Pops would doodle with it first at home, eventually he would try it out at rehearsals and finally when he nursed it real fine, he retired the old horn". So that might be the simple explanation how the Emo era came to an end.
+In a Down Beat ad approximately 1956 Armstrong pops up again. It says: 'Satchmo' entrusts his reputation only to Selmer - and has for more than twenty years." Which we now know is a lie.
+<gallery>
+File:Selmer_Armstrong_approx_1956_Down_Beat.jpg
+</gallery><small> Down Beat Ad ca 1956 stating that Armstrong has played Selmer for the last twenty years.</small>
+==Hugh Masekela playing the Armstrong F.X. Hüller/Emo==
+Louis Armstrong in 1956 donated his first Emo/F.X. Hüller instruments to the Huddleston Jazz Band, where it was given to young [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Masekela| Hugh Masekela] (1939-2018) to play it.
+In November 1957, Father Trevor Huddleston published an amazing essay in [https://www.flatinternational.org/assets/pdfs/huddleston-jazz-band.pdf Harper's Magazine] outlining his involvement in the formation of the Huddleston Jazz Band at St. Peter's School in Johannesburg. The Reverend discusses how he acquired Hugh Masekela's first trumpet from a second-hand music store in Johannesburg in 1954. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Huddleston Huddleston], chaplain of St Peter's seminary, was a champion of township youth and the downtrodden, and a thorn in the side of the authorities. Young Hugh had been smitten with the trumpet since seeing the musical film Young Man with a Horn when he was 14.
+<gallery>File:Huddleston Masekela 1954.jpg
+</gallery><small>Hugh Masekela with his first trumpet, along with Father Huddleston and Jonas Gwangwa</small>
+Huddleston was subsequently also instrumental in securing another trumpet for Hugh, the Emo/F.X. Hüller gift from Louis Armstrong. In 1956, when Huddleston was in the US publicising his book Naught for Your Comfort, he told Masekela’s story to a journalist, who suggested that it might interest Louis Armstrong, the best known trumpeter of the day. Armstrong was fascinated and handed Huddleston one of his horns to give to Masekela. “I sent it straight to South Africa, and I have a wonderful picture of Hugh jumping for joy,” said Huddleston, quoted in [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jan/23/hugh-masekela-obituary| The Guardian].
+<gallery>
+File:Louis Armstrong and Father Trevor Huddleston of the Anglican Missionary's jazz band.jpg
+File:Louis Armstrong donating the trumpet to Father Trevor Huddleston.jpg
+</gallery><small>Armstrong donating the Emo/Hüller trumpet to Huddleston, pictured by Wallace Kirkland on March 1st 1956</small>
+In a text from the Hugh Masekela Heritage Foundation it's described as follows:
+Leaving for England in early 1956, Father Huddleston first visited several U.S. cities and even had occasion to meet with Dr. Martin Luther King, discussing the burgeoning U.S. civil rights movement and the brewing horrors of Apartheid in South Africa. It happened that a clarinet-playing
+Brother, familiar to Huddleston, was friends with Louis Armstrong’s clarinet player Barney Bigard.
+Before a Louis Armstrong performance one night at the Civic Auditorium in Rochester, New York, Father Huddleston managed to finagle his way backstage to meet ol'Satchmo. Eager to procure more instruments for his young charges, Father Huddleston regaled Satch with stories of the Huddleston Jazz Band, young South Africans dedicated and determined to learning music properly.
+According to the Star, Armstrong's response ran something like: 'I figured they'd rather have a horn I’ve been drawin’ a few of those notes on than a new one.” Lucille, Armstrong’s wife, herself an alumni of the Cotton Club, mailed to South Africa one of Louis’ used trumpets. Arriving
+on April 11th, 1956, one week after Hugh’s 17th birthday, Louis’ horn made Hugh, and his band, the talk of the town. That evening the band gathered at the Polly Community Center, where they were photographed and interviewed by a throng of photographers and journalists. The story ran
+in both editions of The Star, Bantu and European."
+The South African [https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2018-01-27-hugh-masekela-a-life-of-music-a-life-filled-with-joy/| Sunday Times] described it in 2018 this way:
+"On April 12 1956, The Star splashed a photo of a 17-year-old Masekela in delirious joy upon receiving a gift, a used trumpet that was once the property of his "negro" American jazz hero Louis Armstrong, also known as Satchmo. The photo was shot by Alf Kumalo on the streets of Sophiatown. Their friendship was sealed in a vial of psychic recognition of the talent in each other."
+<gallery>File:1956 16-year old Hugh Masekela leaping in the air, clutching the trumpet that had been sent to him by Louis Armstrong Photo Alf Kumalo.jpg</gallery><small>1956 16-year old Hugh Masekela leaping in the air, clutching the trumpet that had been sent to him by Louis Armstrong, Photo: Alf Kumalo</small>
+The Star announced: "Louis Armstrong's Trumpet Arrives and Jazz Sessions Start. Hugh Cannot Believe His Luck: A Trumpet from the 'King' Himself."
+The arrival of the trumpet from Armstrong in South Africa was also photographed by Jurgen Schadeberg.<gallery>
+File:Masekela with Armstrong trumpet Jurgen Schadeberg 1954.jpg
+File:Masekela with Armstrong trumpet Jurgen Schadeberg 1954 2.jpg
+File:Masekela with Armstrong trumpet Jurgen Schadeberg 1954 3.jpg
+File:Hugh Masekela 2.jpg
+File:Masekela with Armstrong trumpet Jurgen Schadeberg 1954 5.jpg
+File:Masekela playing Emo.jpg
+</gallery>
+<small>Hugh Masekela opening the case with the trumpet from Louis Armstrong and playing it, 1956, Photo's Jurgen Schadeberg</small>
+Masekela made his first recordings using the "Satchmo" Emo trumpet with the Huddleston Jazz Band that same year. The group then included Jonas Gwangwa, Zakes Moyake, George Makhene amongst others. An obituary of Masekela and a sound example of Masekela playing the Emo/Hüller is found at [http://flatint.blogspot.com/2018/01 | Flatint blogspot]
+The engravings on this trumpet tell us that this was the first trumpet Armstrong got from Ernst Modl in 1952, the one with the special text quoted above.
+<gallery>
+File:Hugh Masekela.jpeg
+</gallery>
+In a short film by Adrian Steirn for the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwwQGdtnzm0| Icons 21 series] Masekela talks about receiving this trumpet from Louis Armstrong in 1956. 'We even appeared on on the cover of Farmers Weekly: 'Black boys get Louis' trumpet, Masekela recalls.
+In another interview [https://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/lectures/hugh-masekela-the-message/ for Red Bull Music Academy] in 2003 he states: "Huddleston went to America and he met Louis Armstrong. He told Louis Armstrong about the band and Louis Armstrong sent us a trumpet – one of his own trumpets. We were in the news. In those days, African people, you never saw them on the front page in the newspaper. Mostly, we were on the crime list on page nine. [laughs] So, for that whole year, every magazine and every book wanted us, and that brought us to the forefront. We became sort of part of the music community in this country." All because of this Emo trumpet.
+In yet another interview in [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304185104579439702311144442 the Wall Street Journal] in 2014 Masekela said: "I took up the trumpet at age 15 after seeing Kirk Douglas in "Young Man With a Horn." By the mid-'50s, I was in the Huddleston Jazz Band—South Africa's first youth band. When Father Trevor Huddleston was exiled from South Africa for his anti apartheid activities, he traveled to America, met Louis and told him about our youth band. Louis sent one of his trumpets to the school as a gift. Eventually, the trumpet was given to me to play in our band. I used to keep the trumpet in a box at home, but now it's in South Africa's National Museum--for safekeeping.".
+In yet another account of the events [https://www.confluence-aglsp.org/xxiii1borek| Karen Borek] describes the story like this: 'Before returning to England, Father Huddleston went to the United States to visit a friend. In Rochester, New York, Huddleston went to a concert, met Louis Armstrong backstage, and mentioned the South African youth band. Louis Armstrong hoped to inspire a young musician from this distant place by donating one of his horns, which was mailed to South Africa by his wife Lucille. When Hugh Masekela received Armstrong’s trumpet at the age of seventeen, he was thrilled. Masekela later wrote that receiving Armstrong’s trumpet made him feel “something like a spiritual connection with Satchmo and those musicians back in the states”: a connection to a “tradition that had crisscrossed the Atlantic from Africa to America and back” (Masekela and Cheers 2004, 82). ... Masekela finally met and thanked Louis Armstrong for the trumpet when Masekela accompanied singer Miriam Makeba at the 1964 Grammy Awards at the Hotel Astor in New York City. Armstrong won the award that year for Best Male Vocal Performance for the play Hello Dolly."
+In his thesis about Masekela [https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/64862/| Ricardo Cueva] states that Huddleston, who in December 1955 was recalled to England because of his anti-apartheids activism, met Armstrong during a tour in England. I guess that's incorrect.
+There's another picture with Masekela and - I think - the same Emo. I found it on the [https://www.wbgo.org/music/2017-04-26/the-hidden-legacy-of-the-jazz-epistles-south-africas-short-lived-but-historic-band| WBGO] website with a story about [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Epistles| The Jazz Epistels]. Masekela joined them in 1959 at age 20. The picture is dated March 1963 but The Jazz Epistles broke up in early 1960 already, after their scheduled tour was cancelled due to the Sharpeville massacre, March 21, 1960. Masekela left South Africa for London weeks after that. Which would date the picture 1959/1960.
+<gallery>
+File:Kippie Moeketsi, Jonas Gwangwa, Hugh Masekela.jpg
+</gallery><small>The Jazz Epistels Masekela, Gwangwa and Moeketsi, picture Halim's Photographic Service</small>
+Masekela left South Africa to go to London and then New York, to study at the Manhattan School of Music.
+Masekela quitted the Hüller/Emo trumpet when he started to take lessons there with Cecil Collins, ex‐lead trumpeter for the New York Metropolitan Opera.
+He tells the story himself in detail in [https://pzacad.pitzer.edu/nam/general/essays/Sophiatown%20Reader%20Real.pdf| Sophiatown Renaissance]: A Reader(ed.) by Ntongela Masilela.
+"For four years I had been playing a German‐made F.S. Huller trumpet, the one Louis Armstrong had sent to the Huddleston Band.
+I had never washed the inside of the horn. On the day of my first trumpet lesson, Collins asked me to play a tune of my choice. After
+hearing a few notes, he abruptly stopped me. “Your trumpet has leaks,” he said. “The only reason you don’t know it is because dirt inside is blocking all the holes in it. Come with me and I’ll show you what I mean.” My stomach sank at his matter‐of‐fact dismissal of my cherished instrument; I followed him to the bathroom like a sheep to slaughter. He walked over to the porcelain sink, holding my prized Louis Armstrong trumpet like it was a piece of junk. Collins handed me my mouthpiece and then ran a twig through the stem of my trumpet. When he removed the twig, out came loads of green and gray slimy mold. That shit had been stuck up there for years. He then ran water through the horn and foul‐smelling, caked gunk came splattering out of the bell in large, green, nauseating blobs. I was embarrassed beyond comprehension.
+Back in the practice room, Collins handed me my horn and said, “Now try to blow that thing.” I tried, but the horn was leaking like a sieve from around the valves, producing a flat, airy sound more like a leaking exhaust muffler system than a trumpet. I wanted to crawl my humiliated ass out of there and hide.
+“You have to go to Manny’s Music Store on 48 th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues and ask for a Vincent Bach trumpet with a 7C mouthpiece of the same name. These will cost you around one hundred and fifty dollars. You also must buy an Arban Cornet Method exercise book, for about twelve dollars. When you have those things, come back to me and I’ll teach you how to play the trumpet. With all due respect to Louis Armstrong, that thing is now an old scrap that even he would be unwilling to blow on.” Cecil Collins left the room with me standing there holding Satchmo’s trumpet in my right hand. I was totally shattered and speechless.
+I didn’t have one hundred sixty‐two dollars, and I had no idea where to get it. Two weeks had rolled by, and I could not take a lesson on the instrument that was my major. Collins kept calling me to his tutorial room to ask when was I getting a proper trumpet. “You are falling behind. This is your major. You are scheduled for brass ensemble, too. By the time you join us, if you ever do, it will be too late because we will be way ahead. Remember, with a new mouthpiece and trumpet, you’re going to have to start from scratch. Can’t you let me talk to Miss Makeba or Harry Belafonte about the urgency of this matter?” “No sir,” I replied. “I’ll figure out something.”
+My new world was caving in on me. I could never go to Miriam and ask her for money after all she had already done. I had not yet met Belafonte, and the only money I had to keep me going was what Miriam had left for food and transportation for me and Bongi. Miriam called one day from Canada to check on things, and Leslie told her about my predicament. Miriam was furious that I hadn’t let
+her know. She instructed Leslie to go and see Alfred Braunstein, her accountant. He gave Leslie the money. The next day I walked into
+Manny’s Music Store and purchased my first new trumpet.
+On the bus ride to school, I thanked my ancestors for their intercession. I also gave thanks to Trevor Huddleston and Bob Hill and Old Man Sauda and Louis Armstrong. I whispered a very special thank‐you for Miriam Makeba. I got off the bus and marched up 105 th Street with a brand‐new trumpet in a leather case, complete with the new 7C mouthpiece and the Arban Cornet Method book. Collins smiled as I showed him my new prized possessions. I was now a full‐fledged student at the Manhattan School of Music.''
+<gallery>
+File:Hugh Masekela 1968 Getty.jpg
+</gallery><small>Hugh Masekela with the Vincent Bach trumpet he played around 1968, picture Michael Ochs/Getty</small>
+Where did the F.X. Hüller/ Emo trumpet go after this? According to an article by Shelia Pool in the Atlanta Journal- Constitution in 2004 it remained on display at the Cape Town Heritage Museum. In 2022 it popped up in an exhibit called “Hugh Masekela: Home Is Where The Music Is" in the Rand Merchant Bank precinct in Sandton (SA). The exhibition was curated in 2019 by the Hugh Masekela Heritage Foundation (HMHF) to commemorate what would have been Bra Hugh’s 80th birthday. This No Borders Exhibition took place in 2019 in Soweto Theatre from October 9th till November 9th. Here the trumpet is on display with a picture of Masekela recieving it in the background.
+<gallery>F.X._Hüller_No_Borders_exhibition.png
+</gallery><small>Emo/F.X.Hüller donated by Louis Armstrong to Hugh Masekela showed at the No Borders Exhibition in Soweto theatre, 2019.</small>
+Masekela's daughter Pula Twala told me in 2022 that the trumpet currently is in the families possession. 'How it is now is how Hugh had it at his home before his passing, covered in an African print cloth.'
+<gallery>
+File:Hugh-masekela-trumpet exposed 0.jpg
+</gallery><small>Emo/F.X.Hüller donated by Louis Armstrong to Hugh Masekela showed in  Sandton, 2022. Obviously, at one point the pinky ring has been renewed....</small>
+==Ernst Modl serial number overview==
+There are a few Modl instruments without a serial number but they are rare. Most have one. And they give a valuable insight in the Emo production. Most important observation is that there's a steady line from the first ones up to 8000. That's a strong indication they all come from the same spot. So far I  didn't find any Emo trombone with a serial number, that might be an indication that the trumpet valve clusters were not by Modl himself. Because for instance Julius Keilwerth, another ex-Graslitz maker, had his trombones and trumpets all numbered in one straight line. It gives another reason to think that Emo was indeed very much an assembly plant.
+I listed the Emo's as well as the trumpets and bugles from other brands that are supposed to be or might be Modl-made, the Rudy Mucks, Buffets, Ludwigs, Smiths and so.
+From the first 1000 some 45 are (disputable) stencils (mainly bugles) and 75 are Modls own brand. From nr 29 Buffet trumpets chime in, 5616 is the 'last' of around 26 Buffets (and an Evette & Schaeffer). Between 1100 and 4000 Rudy Mück takes 40 against 49 Emo's. The highest Emo number so far is 8125. That is, there are a few with 5 digit numbers and a few with 6 digit numbers. They are slightly different with also slightly different engravings.
+I'm not sure that all the stencil instruments listed here are Emo-made.
+Rudy Muck, Buffet Crampon and Evette Schaeffer have almost identical trumpets with serials in the 6 digit range. They look very much like the B&M Symphonic in the same range.
+My aim was to create a kind of data base to be able to compare the Emo's and the other ones that are supposed to be or might be Emo-made. I'm in the process of doing that. So if you have an instrument of any of the brands below with a serial number that fits in this list, please let me know at <strong>info@brasspedia.com</strong>.
+<small>
+{| class="wikitable"
+!
+! Serial number
+! Model
+! Notes
+! Source
+!
+|-
+| [[File:Emo Professional zsn.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | no serial
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 34
-| style="background-color:#009901;" | Smith Music Sales
-| different braces
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo professional nsn.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 46
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | no serialnumber, valve numbers 1,2,3
 | style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
-| Bb/C
+| different Emo logo and a third slide ring from another maker [[File:Emo professional nsn 1.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo professional no serial.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 52
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | valve numbers 1,2,3
-| Wilhelm Monke
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo Champion no serial catawiki.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | valve numbers 1,2,3
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 52
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
 |
-| Answers.com
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo World no serial.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 56
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | no serial
-| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
-|
+| [[File:Emo World no serial 2.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 16,17,18 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 56
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | valve numbers 16,17,18
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
-|
+| One of the few Emo's with numbered valves without a serial number. Presumably one of the first Emo's
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 18,19,20 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 77
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | valve numbers 18,19,20
-| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
-|
+| One of the few Emo's with numbered valves without a serial number. Presumably one of the first Emo's
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 184,185,186 Champion 0.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 78
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | valve numbers 184,185,186 ?
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| One of the few Emo's with numbered valves without a serial number. Presumably one of the first Emo's
+| [[File:Emo 184,185,186 Champion 2.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| 'Made in Germany' shield engraving
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 160892 Champion 0.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | valve numbers 1, 2, 3,
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion, 'Musik Theuerkauf Instrumentbau Duisburg' on bell
+| Serial number not recognizable, presumably 2 or 3 digits. Only Emo so far with a tuning slide stop rod
+| [[File:Emo 160892 Champion 4a.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| number 160892 on the 'other' side of the middle valve casing
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 2 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 4 Professional 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4?
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+| [[File:Emo 4 professional 3.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 81
-| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe color
 |
+|-
+| [[File:Buffet 4.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4?
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
+| [[File:Buffet 4 7.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 9 Professional.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 9
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1xx
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[ File:Ludwig 11 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 11
 | style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
-| baritone bugle Germany pat.pen.
+| single valve bugle ?
 |
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 122
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 12
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion Super
 |
 |
@@ Line 944: / Line 1,598: @@
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 127
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 13
-| style="background-color:#9aff99;" | Peate
+| style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
-| one valved bugle
+| Stamped Germany, 2 valve?
-| Trumpetmaster
+|
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Wilhelm Monke 14.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 14
+| Wilhelm Monke
+|
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 135
-| style="background-color:#6434fc;" | DEG Caravelle
-| flugel
-| HUC forum
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 18 Champion trombone.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 172
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 18
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
-| valve trombone
+| trombone
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 18 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 18
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 179
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
-| flugel
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 23 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 189
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 23
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
@@ Line 978: / Line 1,632: @@
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 28 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 28
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 214?
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
+|-
+| [[File:Buffet 29.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 29
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
 |
-|-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 215?
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 30 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 30
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+| bought in Trier ca 1964
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 32 Champion 2021.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 32
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| 'Made in Germany' on the middle valve casing
+| [[File:Emo 32 Champion 32 2021 4.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 227
+|-
-| style="background-color:#009901;" | Smith Music Sales
+| [[File:Wilhelm Monke 34.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 34
+| Wilhelm Monke
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Smith 34.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 232
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 34
 | style="background-color:#009901;" | Smith Music Sales
-|
+| different braces
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[ File:Ludwig 36 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 235
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 36
 | style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
-| double valve bugle in G
+| 'Germany' stamped on the mouthpiece reciever, but presumably not Emo made
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo_46_Professional_C_en_Bb_1.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 46
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+| Bb/C
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 245
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
 |
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 48.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 48
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Emo, no model name
+| 4 May 1956 SP SV Property inscribed on the bell
+| [[File:Emo 48 1.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
 |
+|-
+| [[File:Wilhelm Monke 52.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 52
+| Wilhelm Monke
 |
-|-
-| p
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 268
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
 |
-| HUC
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 276
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 52
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
-| '1959/1960'
 |
+| Answers.com
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 299
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 54
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| style="background-color:#009901;" | Smith Music Sales
-|
+| 1 valve baritone G bugle
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File: Emo 56 World de Luxe.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 56
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3xx
-| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| TF
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 56 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 56
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 335
-| style="background-color:#6434fc;" | Ranger II
 |
-| HUC forum
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 64 Champion 2.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 353
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 64
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
@@ Line 1,062: / Line 1,737: @@
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 68 World de Luxe.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 354
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 68
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-| p
+| [[File:Smith Music Sales 68 of 88.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 360
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 68 or 88
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet American
+| style="background-color:#009901;" | Smith Music Sales
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 77 World de Luxe 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 77
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 397
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
 |
-| TH
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 78 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 78
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| bought new in 1971
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 402
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
-|
-| Balanced 18-20 PGE DUG D CERF
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 79 Champion 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 79
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 403
-| style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
-| ?
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File: Emo_81_World_de_Luxe_color.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 81
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe color
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 420
-| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
-| Or 630?
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File: Emo 90 World de Luxe.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 90
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 454
+|
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 91
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe color
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-| p
+| [[File:Emo 92 World de Luxe color 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 455
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 92
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe color
-| cornet
+| 'bought in 1975'
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Ludwig 1xx 0 PAT APD FOR (1).jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 492
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1xx
-| style="background-color:#96fffb;" | Emo Standard
+| style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
-| F.X.Hüller & Co
+| baritone bugle Germany pat.pen.
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 122 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 509
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 122
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
-|
+| EMO?, (too) small logo removed
-| TF
+| [[File:Emo 122 1.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 547
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 127
-| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+| style="background-color:#9aff99;" | Peate
+| one valved bugle
+| Trumpetmaster
 |
+|-
 |
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 135
+| style="background-color:#6434fc;" | DEG Caravelle
+| flugel
+| HUC forum
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 136.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 550
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 136
-| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 139.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 139
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 563
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
 |
+|-
+| [[File: Emo_148_De_Luxe.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 148
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | De Luxe
+| The only 'De Luxe' so far, no 'World'
+| [[File:Emo 148 De Luxe 1.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 155 Standard.png|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 155
+| style="background-color:#96fffb;" | Emo Standard
+| F.X.Hüller & Co
+|
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 572
+|-
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2m
+| [[File:Emo 156 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 156
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 157 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 157
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| extra loop in main bow
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 576
-| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe color
 |
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 172 Champion ventieltrombone 1 (2).jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 172
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| valve trombone
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 173 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 173
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 606
-| style="background-color:#009901;" | Smith Music Sales
-| or 909? 108 on lever. bugle
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 179 Champion flugel 2.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 615
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 179
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| flugel
 |
 |
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 180 Professional 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 180
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-|-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 632
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion Super
 |
+|-
+| [[File:H Glassl 180.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 180
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | H. Glassl
+| [[File:H Glassl 180 1.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 189 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 189
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 652
+|
-| style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Smith 189.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 189?
+| style="background-color:#009901;" | Smith Music Sales
 | single valve bugle
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 210 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 210
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 654
-| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
 |
+|-
 |
-|-
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 214?
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 661
-| style="background-color:#009901;" | Smith Music Sales
-| single valve horn (French horn?)
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 215 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 665
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 215?
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Smith Music Sales 227 (4).png|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 227  of 232
+| style="background-color:#009901;" | Smith Music Sales
+| bariton bugle
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 666
-| style="background-color:#67fd9a;" | Waterloo Champion
-| G bugle
-| Kijiji
 |
 |-
-| p
+| [[File:Ludwig 235 Germany.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 698
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 235
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
+| style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
-|
+| double valve bugle in G
-| 18-20 PGE DUG D CERF on bell
+| Germany
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 237 World 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 237
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 701
-| style="background-color:#6434fc;" | DEG Ranger II
 |
-| HUC forum
 |
 |-
-| p
+| [[File:Emo 240 Champion 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 701 (764?)
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 240
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
@@ Line 1,245: / Line 1,971: @@
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 703
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 245
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
+|
 |
-| brasshistory
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 268 Champion flugelhorn.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 724
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 268
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
-| 50's
+| Flugelhorn
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Buffet Crampon 268 HUC 18-20 Pge du Cerf 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 268
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 737
+| HUC
-| style="background-color:#fe0000;" | Waterloo Champion
-| bugle
-|
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 276 Champion 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 747
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 276
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
-|
+| '1959/1960'
 |
 |
 |-
-| p
+| [[File:Emo 297 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 764
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 297
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 299 Champion 0.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 766
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 299
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 303 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 781
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 303
-| style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Ludwig 308 bugle.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 794
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 308
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
-| ca 70 yr
+| tenor bugle Germany pat.pen.
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 3xx 0 Eddy Curr.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3xx
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 81x
+| coll. Eddy Curr TF
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
-|
-| Trompete.pt
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 319 Standard 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 814
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 319
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#96fffb;" | Emo Standard
-|
+| F.X.Hüller & Co
 |
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 841
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 335
+| style="background-color:#6434fc;" | Ranger II
+|
+| HUC forum
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 353 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 353
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
@@ Line 1,321: / Line 2,054: @@
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 354 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 859
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 354
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
@@ Line 1,328: / Line 2,061: @@
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Buffet 356 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 896
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 356
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Buffet 360 American Model.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 905
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 360
-| style="background-color:#6434fc;" | DEG Ranger II
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet American
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-| p
+| [[File:Buffet Crampon 385.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 942
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 385
 | style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
 |
@@ Line 1,349: / Line 2,082: @@
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[ File:Ludwig 397.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 962
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 397
-| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+| style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
-|
+| reciever might not be original
 |
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1024
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 397
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
 |
-| TF
+| TH
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1026
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 402
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
-|
 |
+| Balanced 18-20 PGE DUG D CERF
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Ludwig 403 Pat. Pending.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1050
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 403
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck Citation
+| style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
-| warranty card from 1958
+| single valve bugle
-| brasshistory
+| Pat.Pend.
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Luxor 440 2.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1122
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 440
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
+| Luxor
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 442 Professional.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 442
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1210
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
-| ?
 |
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1314
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 454
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Buffet 455 cornet 2.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 455
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
+| cornet
+|
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1323
+|-
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| [[File:Emo 480 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 480
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 492 5.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1433
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 492
-| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+| style="background-color:#96fffb;" | Emo Standard
+| F.X.Hüller & Co
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 496 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 496
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 498 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 498
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 15xx
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
-| TF
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 507 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 507
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1592
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4m
 |
 |
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 509 Champion 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 509
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+| TF
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Smith Music Sales 510 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 510
+| style="background-color:#009901;" | Smith Music Sales
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1605
+| TF
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
-|
-| brasshistory
 |
 |-
-| p
+| [[File:Emo 530 Professional 2.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1645
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 530
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 531 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1801
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 531
 | style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
@@ Line 1,447: / Line 2,201: @@
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 547 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 547
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1913
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 548 Champion .jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 548
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
@@ Line 1,454: / Line 2,215: @@
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 550 Professional 3.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 550
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1933
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
-| Yorkmaster
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 553 Champion 3.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 553
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1950
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4m
 |
-| Japan
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 563 World 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 563
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1955
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
-| 1955 or nr 1955..?
 |
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1957
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 572
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2m
+|
 |
-| Thea.com
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1997
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 576
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe color
+|
 |
-| Dallas Studio
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 579 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2018
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 579
 | style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
@@ Line 1,496: / Line 2,257: @@
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Smith 606.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 606
+| style="background-color:#009901;" | Smith Music Sales
+| or 909? 108 on lever. bugle
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2067
+|
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 612 Professional.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 612
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 615 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2121
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 615
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M?
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:DEG 616 Ranger II.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2152
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 616
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#6434fc;" | DEG Ranger II
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 630 Professional 2.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 630
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2184
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 5M
 |
-| brasshistory
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 632 Champion Super.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 632
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion Super
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2187
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 5M
 |
-| brasshistory
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 638 Professional.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 638
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2294
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
-| ca 60 year in 2019
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 643 Professional 0.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 643
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2503
-| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
-| Louis Armstrong 1952
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Ludwig 652 10.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2506
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 652
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion Super
+| style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
-|
+| single valve bugle, USMC United States Marine Corps, Germany on reciever
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 652 Champion 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 652
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 25xx
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion Super
 |
-| .
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 654 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 654
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2520
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2M
 |
-| Dallas London Foreign
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Smith 661 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2571
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 661
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2M
+| style="background-color:#009901;" | Smith Music Sales
-| atypisch
+| single valve horn (French horn?)
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 664 Professional 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2588
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 664
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 5m
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 665 World (14).png|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 665
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2601
-| style="background-color:#6434fc;" | Caravelle
 |
-| HUC forum
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Waterloo_Champion_666 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2656
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 666
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 5M
+| style="background-color:#67fd9a;" | Waterloo Champion
-| atypisch
+| G bugle
-| Dallas London
+| Kijiji
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 683 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2676
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 683
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Buffet 698.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 698
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2700
+| 18-20 PGE DUG D CERF on bell
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
-| '1959'
-|
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2749
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 701
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#6434fc;" | DEG Ranger II
-|
 |
+| HUC forum
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2772
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 703
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
-| Dallas London Foreign
 |
+| brasshistory
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Buffet 708.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 708
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
+|
+| 18-20 PGE DUG D CERF on bell
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2798
+|-
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+| [[File:Emo 724 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 724
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| 50's
 |
-| brasshistory
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2860
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 737
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+| style="background-color:#fe0000;" | Waterloo Champion
+| bugle
 |
-| brasshistory
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 747 Champion 0.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 747
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2990
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
 |
+|-
+| [[File:Smith 754 horn bugle 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 754
+| style="background-color:#009901;" | Smith Music Sales
+| French horn bugle
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Buffet 764 brass history.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 764
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2996
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
 |
 |
+|-
 |
-|-
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 766
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3006
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2m
-| atypisch
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 779 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 779
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3##6
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
 |
-| Dallas London
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Ludwig 781 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 781
+| style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3022
-| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
 |
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 794 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 794
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| ca 70 yr
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Ludwig 798.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 798
+| style="background-color:#34ff34;" | Ludwig
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3056
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
 |
 |
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 81x World trompete pt.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 81x
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+| Trompete.pt
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 810 Academy Super.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 810
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck Academy Super
+|
+|
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3168
+|-
+| [[File:Emo World 814.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 814
 | style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
@@ Line 1,685: / Line 2,488: @@
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 817 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 817
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 323x
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2M
-| atypisch
-| Emo Silber?
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 829 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 829
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3257
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2M
-| 'ca 1960'
-| Dallas London
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 841 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 841
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3337
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
 |
-| Foreign Dallas
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 846 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3361
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 846
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
@@ Line 1,713: / Line 2,516: @@
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 858 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 858
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3386
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
-| ebaykleinanzeigen
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 859 Champion 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3387
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 859
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 869 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3397
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 869
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 881 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3485
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 881
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 896 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 896
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3489
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
-| 'Buffet'
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 896 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 896
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3500
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
 |
-| brasshistory
 |
 |-
+| [[File:DEG 905 Ranger II.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 905
+| style="background-color:#6434fc;" | DEG Ranger II
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 35xx
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
 |
-| Worthpoint
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 920 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3507
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 920
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Buffet Crampon 9x2.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3528
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 9x2
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 935 Professional .JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3561
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 935
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Buffet 942 2.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 942
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3567
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
-| Bought in early 70's
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 949 Champion 0.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3578
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 949
-| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 962 Professional 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 962
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3580
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
 |
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 1004 World E Giger Winterthur 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1004
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| sold by E.Giger Winterthur (CH)
 |
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3633
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1024
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
-|
 |
+| TF
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 1026 World.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1026
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3759
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | World
 |
 |
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 1050 Citation uit 1958 bh.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1050
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck Citation
+| warranty card from 1958
+| brasshistory
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 1062 World 0.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3829
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1062
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 1073 World de luxe.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3852
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1073
 | style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
 |
@@ Line 1,832: / Line 2,649: @@
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 1107 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3865
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1107
-| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Buffet 1110.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3868
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1110
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 1122 4m 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3871
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1122
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 1188 World de Luxe 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1188
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3978
-| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
 |
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 1210 4M.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1210
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
+| ?
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 1314 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4230
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1314
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 1323 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4400?
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1323
 | style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
@@ Line 1,874: / Line 2,698: @@
 |
 |-
-| p
+| [[File:Emo 1433 world de luxe 2.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4458
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1433
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 1463 World.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4496
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1463
 | style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
@@ Line 1,889: / Line 2,713: @@
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4594
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 15xx
 | style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
-|
+| TF
 |
 |-
-| p
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 1506 2m.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4732
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1506
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2m
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 1592 4m 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4828
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1592
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4m
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Buffet 1645.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4900
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1605
-| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 1680 World (1).png|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4933
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1640
-| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-| p
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 1692 2M.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4988
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1692
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2m
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 1707 World.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1707
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5120
-| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
-| bought new in 1959
-| TF
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 1791 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5290
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1791
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Super Champion
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 1801 World.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5376
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1801
-| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-| p
+| [[File:Emo 1850 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5484
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1850
-| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet American
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
-| cornet
+|
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 1912 7M 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5652
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1912
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 1913 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5681
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1913
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
@@ Line 1,972: / Line 2,796: @@
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 1933 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5955
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1933
 | style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
-|
+| Yorkmaster
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 1950 4m.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1950
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4m
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6081
+| Japan
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
+|-
+| [[File:EMO World 1955 Selmer-Style-Design-Balanced-Trumpet.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1955
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+| 1955 or nr 1955..?
 |
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6557
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1957
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet
 |
-| Worthpoint
+| Thea.com
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 1997 7M.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 1997
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6582
+| Dallas Studio
+|
+|-
+| [[ File:Emo Professional 2018 .JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2018
 | style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
 |
@@ Line 2,000: / Line 2,838: @@
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 2031 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6849
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2031
 | style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
@@ Line 2,007: / Line 2,845: @@
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 2067 World .jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6881
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2067
-| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 2104 World 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 7688
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2104
 | style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
@@ Line 2,021: / Line 2,859: @@
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Emo 2106 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 7854
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2106
-| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2121 7m denk ik (1).jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 7961
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2121
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M?
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 2152 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2152
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 8013
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
-| cornet
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2162 5M.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 8103
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2162
-| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 5M
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2184 5M bh.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2184
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 5M
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 8125
+| brasshistory
-| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion Super
-| sold
-|
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2187 5M bh.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2187
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 5M
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 12750
+| brasshistory
-| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | Emo World
-| Schmidtco? Bauerfeind valves
-|
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2210 4M.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2210
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
 |
 |
 |
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2236 2M.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2236
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2M
 |
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 2294 Champion 0.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2294
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| ca 60 year in 2019
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 66489
-| Evette &Schaeffer
-|
-| American
-|
-|-
-| p
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 70582
-| Buffet Crampon
-|
-| Germany
 |
 |-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 612132
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2503
-| Rudy Muck 5M
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+| Louis Armstrong's second Emo trumpet, ca 1954/1955
 |
-| Brasshistory.net
 |
 |-
+| [[File:Emo 2506 Champion Super 3.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2506
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion Super
 |
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 25xx Champion Super.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 25xx
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion Super
+|
+| .
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2520 2M Dallas London Foreign.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2520
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2M
+|
+| Dallas London Foreign
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2567 5M.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2567
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 5m
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2571 2m.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2571
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2M
+| atypisch
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2588 5m (4).png|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2588
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 5m
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2592 5M .jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2592
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 5m
+| atypisch
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2601
+| style="background-color:#6434fc;" | Caravelle
+|
+| HUC forum
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2656 5M.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2656
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 5M
+| atypisch
+| Dallas London
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 2676 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2676
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2700 7M balanced bh.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2700
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+| '1959'
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 2749 World.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2749
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 7m 2772.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2772
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+| Dallas London Foreign
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2798 model 7M.jpg |thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2798
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+|
+| brasshistory
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2829 7M.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2829
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+| Dallas London Foreign
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 2860 model 7M.jpg |thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2860
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+|
+| brasshistory
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 2919 World 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2919
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 2925 World.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2925
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 2930 World.png|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2930
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2990
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 2996
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 3006 2M Dallas London 2.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3006
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2m
+| atypisch
+| Dallas London
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 3xx6 7M.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3##6
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+|
+| Dallas London
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3022 World de Luxe.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3022
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3056
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3168 World 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3168
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3224 World de Luxe.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3224
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 323x 2M.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 323x
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2M
+| atypisch
+| Emo Silber?
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 3243 4M 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3243
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
+|
+| Dallas London Foreign
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 3257 2M Dallas London 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3257
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2M
+| 'ca 1960'
+| Dallas London
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 3337 4m 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3337
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
+|
+| Foreign Dallas
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3361 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3361
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3372 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3372
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3386 World 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3386
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+| ebaykleinanzeigen
+|
+|-
+| [[File:EMO World 3387 Balanced Trompete 1.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3387
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3397 World ventielen 1 2 3.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3397
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3436 World (1).jpeg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3436
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy_Muck_3485_4M.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3485
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3489
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
+| 'Buffet'
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Hug & Co 3498.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3498
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | Hug & Co
+| Hug & Co Zurich
+| on the bell serial nr 11156
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 3500 7M bh.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3500
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+|
+| brasshistory, Worthpoint 35xx
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo World 3507.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3507
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3528 World.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3528
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3561
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3567
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+| Bought in early 70's
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3578 World de Luxe 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3578
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3580
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 3622 7M.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3622
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3630 World Color de Luxe 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3630
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World Color de Luxe
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3633
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3665 World de Luxe.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3665
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3666 World de Luxe color 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3666
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe color
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3694 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3694
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3759 World.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3759
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3738 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3738
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 3812 4m.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3812
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3827 World.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3827
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3829
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 4M
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3847 World.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3847
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3852
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3865 World de Luxe 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3865
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3868 World.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3868
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3871 World 1.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3871
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3873 Ernst Modl World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3873
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3891 World 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3891
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3974 World 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3974
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3978
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 7M
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3980 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3980
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 3981 World.png|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 3981
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4053 World 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4053
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4199 World de Luxe Color 2.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4199
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4230 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4230
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 4273 Academy Super.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4273
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck Academy Super
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4400 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4400?
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Buffet 4458.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4458
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4496 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4496
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4501 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4501
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4587 Champion 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4587
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4594 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4594
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4596 Harmony.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4596
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Harmony
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4597 World.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4597
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 4684 2M.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4684
+| style="background-color:#fffe65;" | Rudy Muck 2M
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Jubilee 4697 JP.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4697
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Jubilee
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Buffet Crampon 4732.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4732
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4796 Professional.png|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4796
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4808 World 0.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4808
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4828 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4828
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4900 World de Luxe.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4900
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4919 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4919
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 4933 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4933
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Buffet Crampon 4978.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4978
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Buffet 4988.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4988
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Buffet 4990.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 4990
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5120
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+| bought new in 1959
+| TM 02/2012 quoted on TF
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 5179 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5179
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5290
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Super Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Buffet 5356 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5356
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 5376 Professional 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5376
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 5395 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5395
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Buffet 5431.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5431
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Buffet 5484 cornet.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5484
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet American
+| cornet
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Evette & Schaeffer 5601 American.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5601
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Evette & Schaeffer American
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Buffet 5616 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5616
+| style="background-color:#fd6864;" | Buffet Crampon
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 5645 Champion cornet 0.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5645
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 5652 World 2.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5652
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 5681 Champion 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5681
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 5698 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5698
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 5735 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5735
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 5800 World 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5800
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 5876 Professional.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5876
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo World 5885.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5885
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo World 5955.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5955
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 5961 World 0.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 5961
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 6017 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6017
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 6024 World.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6024
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 6081 Champion 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6081
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 6205 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6205
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 6454 Professional (1).png|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6454
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 6557 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6557
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+| Worthpoint
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6582
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 6612 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6612
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 6791 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6791
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 6849 Champion 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6849
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 6881 Professional 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6881
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 6942 Professional 0.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 6942
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File: Emo 7186 World de Luxe 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 7186
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 7220 Champion.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 7220
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 7373 Professional.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 7373
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 7532 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 7532
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 7688 World.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 7688
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | World
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 7745 Champion cornet 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 7745
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 7854 professional 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 7854
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 7922 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 7922
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 7961 Champion 1.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 7961
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 8013 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 8013
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| cornet
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 8103 professional 7.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 8103
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 8125 Super Champion 4.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 8125
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion Super
+| sold
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 8284 Professional 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 8284
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 12442 World de Luxe.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 12442
+| style="background-color:#3166ff;" | World de Luxe
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 12750 World 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 12750
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | Emo World
+| Schmidtco? Bauerfeind valves
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 15719 World uit 1983.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 15719
+| style="background-color:#34cdf9;" | Emo World
+|  1983?
+|  [[File:Emo 12750 World 1.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+|
+|-
+| <strong>The higher serial numbers, not Emo?</strong>
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Evette & Schaeffer 66489 (2).jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 66489
+| Evette &Schaeffer
+|
+| American
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Buffet Crampon 70582 Model-Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 70582
+| Buffet-Crampon model Professional
+|
+| Germany
+|
+|-
+| [[File:B&M Symphonic 2.JPG|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 075354?
+| B&M Symphonic
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 160892 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 160892
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| Musik Theuerkauf Instrumentbau Duisburg
+| serial on right side of middle valve
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 161295 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 161295
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| serial on right side of middle valve
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 161414 Champion.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 161414
+| style="background-color:#68cbd0;" | Champion
+| [[File:Emo 161414 Champion 1.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| serial on right side of middle valve [[File:Emo 161414 Champion 3.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 603854 4M HUC 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 603854
+| Rudy Muck 4M
+|
+| HUC
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 612132
+| Rudy Muck 5M
+|
+| Brasshistory.net
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 612182 5m.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
 | style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 612182
 | Rudy Muck 5m
 |
 | 'German'
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 612253 5m.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 612253
+| Rudy Muck 5m
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Emo 613931 Professional.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 613931
+| style="background-color:#38fff8;" | Professional
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 615038.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 615038
+| Rudy Muck 4m
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Rudy Muck 622787 7M gekocht in 1960.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 622787
+| Rudy Muck 7m
+| Purchased 1960
+| RM serial numberlist
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Evette & Schaeffer 663803 cornet.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 663803
+| Evette & Schaeffer American
+| cornet
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Evette & Schaeffer 663813.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 663813
+| Evette & Schaeffer American
+| cornet
+| HUC
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Evette & Schaeffer 681034.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 681034
+| Evette & Schaeffer American
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 681608
+| Evette & Schaeffer
+| cornet
+| TH
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Evette & Schaeffer 681661 American.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 681661
+| Evette & Schaeffer American
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Buffet 682236 American Germany .jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 682236
+| Buffet American
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Evette & Schaeffer 682576 American 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 682576
+| Evette & Schaeffer American
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| [[File:Evette & Schaeffer 682685 0.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 682685
+| Evette & Schaeffer American
+| [[File:Evette & Schaeffer 682685 3.jpg|thumb|150x100px]] date of sale 6-9-1971
+|
+|
+|-
+|
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 683385
+| Buffet
+| cornet
+| TH
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Evette & Schaeffer 692734.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 612253
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 692734
-| Rudy Muck 5m
+| Evette & Schaeffer American Model
 |
 |
 |
 |-
-|
+| [[File:Evette & Schaeffer 701245.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 615038
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 701245
-| Rudy Muck 4m
+| Evette & Schaeffer
-|
+| Made in Germany
 |
 |
 |-
+| [[File:B&M Symphonic 712102.jpg|thumb|150x100px]]
+| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 712102
+| B&M Symphonic
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 622787
-| Rudy Muck 7m
-| Purchased 1960
-| RM serial numberlist
-|
-|-
 |
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 681608
-| Evette & Schaeffer
-| cornet
-| TH
-|
-|-
-| p
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 682236
-| Buffet American
-|
-|
-|
-|-
-|
-| style="background-color:#fffc9e;" | 683385
-| Buffet
-| cornet
-| TH
 |
 |-

Difference between revisions of "Ernst Modl brass instruments"