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                "title": "Top action rotary valve trumpets",
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                        "*": "''Top action rotary valve trumpets''\n\n''Upright rotary valve trumpets  push rod activated or piston activated rotary valve trumpets''\n\n''Zylinder-Jazz-Trompete, Vertikaltrompete, Federstechertrompete''\n\n''Trompettes a palettes verticales''\n\n[[File:Tarv trumpet.jpg|thumb|center|<small>  anonymous top action rotary valve trumpet, coll. Gerard Westerhof</small>]]\n\n<b>The top action rotary valve trumpet (tarv), or upright rotary valve trumpet (''German: Zylinder-Jazz-Trompete, Drehventil Jazz-trompete, Vertikaltrompete'') has gained renewed popularity with Mnozil Brass' Thomas Gansch playing the Schagerl made [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3ELHeLRA7I Gansch-horn]. Trying to combine the advantages of a rotary valve with the outlook of a perinet trumpet has a long history, going back till the 19th century. On this page I collected images of the old and the new ones, along with the information I could find about their makers. From the early 19th century inventions to the jazz inspired design in the roaring twenties, from the East German post war dance orchestra models to the recent novelties of Schagerl, Possegger and others.</b>\n\n[[File:Schagerl Gansch horn.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Schagerl 'Killer Queen' flugelhorn</small>]]\n\n=19th Century tarv trumpets=   \n\n[http://www.public.asu.edu/~jqerics/earlval.htm Valves] were invented in the early 19th century. There's a lot written about the development of this invention, that occurred on different places, instrument makers copying and improving each others designs. In 1818 Heinrich St\u00f6lzel (1777 - 1844) and Friedrich Bl\u00fchmel (1777 - 1845) were granted a patent in Germany for a piston valve horn. The second valve design which was widely used in Germany was the rotary valve, produced as early as 1824 by Nathan Adams (1783-1864) of Boston and patented in 1835 by Joseph Riedl in Vienna. In this design the piston turned in the valve casing instead of moving vertically, allowing a very consistent bore. Although rotary valves are difficult to disassemble for maintenance, this type of valve was to become the standard design used on horns in Germany by the late nineteenth century. The other significant development was an improved piston valve invented in 1838 or 1839 by brass instrument maker Fran\u00e7ois P\u00e9rinet of Paris. His design featured faster action and a tubing arrangement superior to the older Berlin valve design. While the P\u00e9rinet piston valve was frequently used in France and England and the US, it was seldom used in Germany.\n\n==Carl August M\u00fcller, Mainz (Germany)==\n\nOne early example of an top action rotary valve instrument is this cornet by Carl August M\u00fcller in the collection of MusikMuseum Basel (S). Carl August M\u00fcller (Adorf 11 Jan. 1804 - Mainz 27 Jan. 1870)  was educated in Vogtland, settled around 1824 in Mainz and established his own workshop C. A. M\u00fcller Musikinstrumenten-Fabrik in 1827. He invented amongst others what's called the Mainzer valve. The cornet below has levers that actuate the rotary valves.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Carl August Mueller Basel 1.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Tarv cornet with slides, coll.: MusikMuseum Basel, photo: JunWha Shin</small>\n\n==Nicolas-Paul Belorgey sr, Paris (France)==\n\nAlthough perinet valves are popular in France, an early system of top action rotary valves came from french valvemaker (pistonnier) Nicolas-Paul Belorgey. Having worked for most of the Paris makers of the middle of the 19th century, he obtained an 1847 patent for a valve in which the cylinder is controlled by a small valve with a coil spring.\n[[File:Belorgey Catalogue des brevets d'invention.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Listing of the Belorgey patent in the Catalogue des brevets d'invention, 1948</small>]]\n\nThe MIM in Brussels has a cornet in Bb with these \u2018vertical\u2019 valves (''\u00e1 moteur vertical''):\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Belorgey NP MIM.jpg\nFile:Belorgey in Gery Dumoulin Cornets a piston.jpg\n</gallery>\nLeft: the MIM cornet. The museum site lists Belorgey as the maker. MIM employ\u00e9 G\u00e9ry Dumoulin describes it in his book 'Cornets a pistons' (2001) as an 'anonymous' instrument with the Belorgey system (right)\n\n==Henry Distin, London, UK==\n\nAnother early push rod top action rotary valve instrument is a cornet by Henry Distin in London. The Distin family where famous musicians and were Adolphe Sax's agents for the sale of his instruments in Britain as of 1846. In 1850 Henry took over the business from his father as Distin & Co. and as of 1851 they started making instruments themselves. In 1854 (March 27th) Distin patented a rotary valve cornet with tension springs in barrels in France. This cornet arrangement was registered in Britain as a design in the same year. The patent drawing shows a rotary-valve cornet constructed in such a way that (according to Distin) it can be easily demounted. The cleaning of the instrument and the replacement of the springs can thus be performed by the player. Only one surviving instrument made according to this patent is known, a cornet (serial number 1105) in the Ontario Museum, Toronto.\n\n[[File:Henry Distin patent 1854.jpg|thumb|center|<small>French patent 1854 source: E. Mitroulia, A. Myers, The Distin Family as instrument makers and dealers</small>]]\n\nStrangely, Distin\u2019s 1857 catalogue does not include any cornets following this system.\n\n[[File:Henri Distin Bb cornet ed.ak.uk coll.jpg|thumb|center|<small> Henry Distin cornet in Bb coll MIMEd</small>]]\n\nThe Musical Instruments Museums Edinburgh has a silver-plated Henry Distin cornet with top action rotary valves in their collection, dated 'probably circa 1857'. It corresponds to the \"Perpendicular rotary cornet\" in Henry Distin's 1857 catalogue.\n\n==Boose Boosey London GB==\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:C Boose 7.jpg\nFile:C Boose 1.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>C Boose Boosey & Sons Holles St London, serial number 7902, dated around 1850. Source Ebay.co.uk 2017</small>\n\nA silver B flat cornet by Carl Boos\u00e9 (1815-1868), who was employed by Boosey as a band music editor and wind instrument tester. T. Boosey & Co. were advertised as \u2018agents for his military band instruments\u2019. The Boosey company became big-time players in the brasswind market at a stroke in June 1868 by the purchase (for \u00a39700) of Henry Distin's instrument factory.' Before that, their brass production had been either small or outsourced, but they did have a substantial customer base as instrument dealers. Several instruments survive inscribed with both \"C. BOOSE\" and either \"BOOSEY & SONS\" or, latterly, \"BOOSEY & COMPY.\" Carl Boose, primarily a bandmaster and music publisher, died in August 1868. It is not known who actually made the instruments marked \"C. BOOSE.\" Their design is similar to Distin's models: it is possible that they were made in the Distin factory; but they could have been continental imports, or Carl Boose could have operated his own workshop. The early stockbooks show that the brass instruments being sold by Boosey & Co.at the time of the acquisition of the Distin factory were nearly all going to bands and other customers. Since few were sold to dealers it is probable that Boosey & Co were themselves largely or entirely dealers in brasswind. This was not the case with woodwind, where Boosey & Co. were already established makers. (source: Arnold Myers, Brasswind Innovation and Output of Boosey & Co. in the Blaikley Era)\n\n==John Augustus K\u00f6hler, London, UK==\n\n[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hler_%26_Son K\u00f6hler]] in Londen developed around 1947 a top action disc valve cornet. John Augustus K\u00f6hler (1805-1878) set up a new workshop of his own in 1830 at 35 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, where he produced a range of high-quality brasswind instruments for the military and orchestral markets. He entered his mark at Goldsmiths' Hall in 1835. With his son Augustus Charles, who reached the age of majority in 1862, he produced instruments inscribed K\u00f6hler & Son, the name by which the firm was known thereafter According to Wikipedia, John Augustus proved to be the innovator, holding manufacturing rights, for instance, to John Shaw's \"Patent Swivel Valves\" (patent dated December 1st 1838) as well as to Thomas Harper's \"Improved Chromatic Trumpet\" and \"Newly Invented Walking Stick Trumpet\". John Shaw's swivel valve, developed to give a smooth windway in valve instruments, is [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44083112 understood to be a precursor]] of Kohler's disc valve, that was developed in collaboration with Shaw.\n\n<gallery>\nFile:Kohler cornet.jpg</gallery><small>Kohler cornet in Bb with top actuated disc valves, coll. The Met</small>\n\n==Joseph Higham, Manchester, UK==\n\nThe idea of combining rotary valves with top piston action was patented in 1857, Jan. 15th, by Joseph Higham of Manchester, England (GB # 123). The patent expired three years later because Higham didn't pay the \u00a350 needed for prolongation.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Higham ca 1862.jpg\nFile:Higham crnt 1.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>coll. Trompetenmuseum Bad S\u00e4ckingen </small>\n\n[http://manchesterhistory.net/manchester/gone/higham.html Higham] (b. Manchester 1818; d. Manchester 1883) established his firm in 1842. The company was making instruments for the Army and Navy and exported them as well. Higham's cornets had a valve system which consisted of a piston traveling through what appears as a valve casing, operating a rotary valve. These valves are much like those of Isaac Fiske, who patented the idea much later in 1866 in the United States. Higham also made a bariton with a valve system like this.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">File:Higham bariton.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Higham tarv bariton, collection University of Edinburgh</small>\n</gallery>\n\n==Isaac Fiske, Worcester, United States==\n\nIsaac Fiske, instrument maker from Worcester, Massachusetts, patented a push rod cornet, the first patent is dated October 30, 1866. February 11th, 1868 he was granted a patent for an improvement of his invention (patent US74331). 19th-Century American rotary valves used a string linkage while in Higham's valves as in German rotary valves the connection between touch piece and rotor takes the form of metal levers. The novelty that Isaac Fiske patented was the integration of a piston action with a string rotary-valve design, a straight, up-and-down movement of the push rods instead of the arcing motion of normal rotary valves. In an 1868 catalog Fiske offers this system for Bb and Eb cornets ($60 for the brass ones, $5 more than his piston valve cornets) but also for tenor horns. As Robb Stewart from Arcadia, California, puts it, it was his answer to the change of fashion in cornets. Fiske was loosing market share both because the mode was increasingly French style cornets. He designed a rotary valve mechanism that put the instrument in the same ergonomic position as those with Perinet piston valves. These pushrod actuated valves had the added benefits of a shorter stroke and the mechanical and acoustical qualities of his other instruments. A Bb cornet would go for $60 dollar in 1869.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Isaac Fiske Bb cornet 1868 catalogus.jpg\nFile:Isaac Fiske Bb cornet ca 1866.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Isaac Fiske Bb cornet in Illustrated catalog of Musical Instruments 1868 and a picture from this instrument, source: Excelsior Cornet Band</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Isaac_Fiske_Bb_tenor_1868_catalogus.jpg\nFile:Isaac Fiske Eb cornet 1868 catalogus.png\n</gallery>\n<small>Isaac Fiske Bb tenor and Eb cornet</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Isaak Fiske nov 2015 1.jpg\nFile:Isaak Fiske nov 2015 2.jpg\nFile:Isaak Fiske nov 2015 7a.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Isaac Fiske cornet, probably Bb, source Ebay.com 2015</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Fiske 1.jpg\nFile:Fiske 2.jpg\nFile:Fiske 3.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Isaak Fiske cornet with spring and valve inverted. On the bell the Nov 12th 1867 patent is mentioned</small>\n\nHe is known to have offered cornets built with this configuration in catalogs printed in 1873 and 1881. On the Eb cornet below with triangular arranged valves other patents are mentioned, dated April 29th, [https://patents.google.com/patent/US143134?oq=143134 1873] (triangularly arranged valves)/November 12th, 1867 (an improved crook). A patent dated September 23rd, 1873 shows an another improvement (concentric curves in the valve casings). The Fiske museum (now moved to the Musical Instrument Museum (MIM) in Phoenix) has a Bb cornet as well as does William [http://www.conicalbore.com/collection.asp Hull Faust], from Columbus Ohio.\n       \n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:1870 Fiske Push Rod Rotary Valve Cornet.JPG\nFile:1870's Isaac Fiske push rod Eb valve cornet.jpg|<small>Fiske Eb cornet coll. Eric Totman, Stockton, California</small>\nFile:Fiske Bb Robb Stewart.jpg|<small>Fiske Bb cornet, 1875 coll. Robb Stewart.</small>\nFile:Fiske Metmuseum Bb.jpg|<small>  Fiske Eb cornet, coll: NMM  </small>\nFile:Fiske Traut.jpg|<small>Fiske Bb cornet, source: Musik Traut</small>\nFile:Fiske Utley coll.jpg|<small>Fiske Bb cornet, coll: Metropolitan Museum of Art</small>\n</gallery>\n\n<gallery>File:Isaak Fiske Eb cornet.jpg\nFile:Isaak Fiske Eb cornet 1.jpg\nFile:Isaak Fiske Eb cornet 2.jpg</gallery><small>AnIsaac Fiske Eb cornet with on the bell 4 patents, dated Oct 30 1866, Nov 12 1867, Febr 11 1868, Sept 23 1973</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Fiske tarv tenor 1.jpg\nFile:Fiske-tuba.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>source: Ebay.com (tenor horn), HUC (tuba)</small>\n\nIsaac Fiske made a tenor horn and Bb/Eb tuba with a similar valve configuration  \n\nThe Fiske patent was used by Frederick Beaumont, who had worked for Isaac Fiske. In partnership with George McFadden he produced unlicensed copies of Fiskes patented designs. The ensuing squabble with Fiske forced McFadden & Beaumont out of business within two years. Only one known instrument is left. \n\n[[File:McFadden & Beamont c 1872.jpg|thumb|left|<small>McFadden & Beaumont tarv cornet, ca 1872, source: Excelsior Cornet Band</small>]]\n\n19th century American rotary valves used a string linkage while German rotary valves had a metal levers to connect touchpiece and rotor. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxNY3dRAV-M Here]'s a typical E. Seltmann tarv cornet demonstrated by Cris Larios from Kansas City. Ernst Theodor Seltmann (1828 - 1883) came from Neukirchen, Saxony and had emigrated to the U.S., arriving at the port of Baltimore on June 29, 1857. Establishing himself as a brass instrument maker in Philadelphia, he flourished there through the Civil War and thereafter until his death.\nThe [http://nmmusd.org/ National Music Museum in Vermillion] owns several of these top-action string operated rotary valve instruments. They were popular in the US in the second half of the 19th century. I'll not consider the string operated instruments further on this page. Just one more...\n\n==Henry Esbach, Boston==\n\nIn 1879 Henry Esbach from Boston patented a top action rotary valve cornet. Esbach was one of the owners of The Boston Musical Instrument Manufactory. This company of makers was a merging of the E.G. Wright and Graves & Co. shops and originated in 1869. Robb Stewart has gone deep into the different cornets of The Boston MIM on his site.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Henry Esbach tarv cornet 1879.jpg\nFile:Henry Esbach tarv cornet 1879 3.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Henry Esbach patent tarv cornet, source RobbStewart.com</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Boston patent cornet.jpg\n</gallery><small> Boston Musical Instrument Manufactory catalog 1887, source Brasstacks.de</small>\n\n==Pierre Piatet, Lyon, France==\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Cornet Piatet Lyon sold by william petit s.jpg|<small>Piatet, sold by William Petit 2013</small>\nFile:Piatet a Lyon HUC cornet.jpg|<small>Piatet a Lyon, source HUC</small>\n</gallery>\nTwo top-action instruments made by Pierre Piatet. Piatet (ca. 1796 - 1868) established his own firm in Lyon after 1836. He also worked with Benoit to about 1855 in their firm called Piatet et Benoit.\n\nAntoine Courtois in Paris had a similar cornet design.\n[[File:H Courtois, Paris. Cornet with 3 upright rotary valves late 1800's 2.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Antoine Courtois, Paris. Cornet with 3 upright rotary valves late 1800's, source: Adam Carse, Musical Wind Instruments, 1939</small>]]\n\n==Hermann Trapp, Neukirchen, Bohemia==\n[[File:Trapp H 1890 45-1.jpg|thumb|center|<small>C or B Cornet, catalog Hermann Trapp, source brasstacks.de</small>]]\n\nHermann Trapp (b. 1855- ) was a (string) instrumentmaker in Neukirchen, Bohemia (now Nov\u00fd Kostel, Czechia). In a Hermann Trapp catalog from around 1890 there's a tarv cornet in B(b) and C listed.\n\n\n=20th Century pre-WWII tarv trumpets=\n\n==L\u00e9on Moeremans, Ghent, Belgium==\n\n[https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Moeremans L\u00e9on Moeremans] (Ninove 22 december 1861 \u2013 Gent 12 augustus 1937) was a Belgian composer, music pedagogue, conductor, music retailer (brass instrument maker and piano builder) and music publisher. Since 1899 he built trumpets, cornets and bugles; furthermore he had patent rights on valves for brass instruments.\n\n[[File:Moeremans patent GB161566A.jpg|thumb|center|<small>patent drawing GB161,566</small>]]\n\nOne was a Great Britain patent numbered 161,566 and dated April 6, 1920. It describes a top action rotary valve. In a rotary valve (H) of a brass or like wind musical instrument, of the kind operated by means of a spring- controlled piston-push (E, B), one end of the connecting link (C) embraces a pivot-pin passing diametrically through the piston B, while the other end is connected directly with the rotary valve. An example, a Bb trumpet with an additional A valve is preserved in the Muziekinstrumentenmuseum in Brussels. The patent was also registered in France (no.531855), Germany (353829), Switzerland (96330) and Czechoslavakia (10027).\n[[File:Moeremans.jpg|thumb|center|<small>L\u00e9on Moeremans coll. Muziekinstrumentenmuseum Brussel</small>]]\n\n==Rewo==\n\nA tarv trumpet offered on a Czech auction site has more or less the same valve construction. The model is named Rewo, it has a pre-war look and that's all I can say now.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Rewo 2.jpg\nFile:Rewo 6.jpg\nFile:Rewo.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Rewo trumpet,  source: Aukro 2015</small>\n\nThe instrument was overhauled by Jan Vundr ('Brassmaniac'), from Liberec, Czech Republic and offered for sale through Ebay in February 2016.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Rewo brassmaniac 2.JPG\nFile:Rewo brassmaniac 3.JPG\nFile:Rewo brassmaniac 4.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small> Rewo overhauled, source Ebay.com 2016</small>\n\n==Robert Barth, Stuttgart, Germany==\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Roberth Barth system.jpg\nFile:Roberth Barth tarv.jpg\n</gallery>\n\nRobert Barth who started a workshop in 1878 in Stuttgart, claims in a catalog that he was inspired to develop a new top action rotary valve construction after his engagements in workshops in Paris and Lyon. He called it System Barth. Lighter, less noise, shorter valve stroke and to operate with one hand (which can't be done with the usual rotary valve construction).\n\n==Ernst David,  Bielefeld, Germany==\n\n[[File:David Ernst Cat 1925 7.jpg|thumb|center|<small>source: Brastacks.de</small>]]\n\nIn a catalogue around 1925, Albert David advertises this flugelhorn with top action rotary valves. Albert is the son of Ernst David who together with Johann Kuhlo developed the Kuhlo horn, a more or less circular rotary valve flugelhorn, designed for the use in the German 'posaunenchor'. The above flugel is meant to be played with one hand by the director of an orchestra, but also advertised as a good option for one armed musicians.\n\n==V.F.\u010cerven\u00fd & S.(ynov\u00e9), Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czechoslovakia==\n\nV\u00e1clav Franti\u0161ek \u010cerven\u00fd (1819-1896) was an ingenious Czech wind instrument designer. He established his workshop in 1842 in Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 (german: K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz) and as of 1876 operated as V.F.\u010cerven\u00fd & Synov\u00e9 (\u010cerven\u00fd and Sons), with his sons Jaroslav, Stanislav and later V\u00e1clav. Somewhere between 1900 and 1925 \u010cerven\u00fd made a type of top action rotary valve instruments.  It's an 1873 patented feature of \u010cerven\u00fd instruments that was improved in 1878, their Walzenventile, or \u201croller valves\u201d.  This roller valve mechanism is basically rotary valves that have been rotated 90 degrees from their typical position.  This was done to simplify the mechanism, by increasing the mechanical advantage of the lever system. \n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Cerveny walzenventile Dizertacni prace zurkova.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>\u010cerven\u00fd roller valves, source: catalog 1896, found at [http://www.rjmartz.com/horns/Cerveny_030/| R.J.Martz.]</small>\n\nA cornet with these roller valves is in the collection of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum N\u00fcrnberg. It's dated around 1910.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Cerveny tarv Graslitz 2.jpg|<small>V.F. \u010cerven\u00fd cornet in Bb, ca. 1910 coll: Germanisches Nationalmuseum N\u00fcrnberg</small>\nFile:Cerveny tarv cornet Konigsgraetz rond 1900.jpg|thumb|right|<small> \u010cerven\u00fd cornet in Bb, ca. 1900 coll: Klingende Sammlung Bern</small>\n</gallery>\nIn the collection of Karl Burri, Klingende Sammlung in Bern there's another one, dated around 1900\n\n\u010cerven\u00fd made other instruments with these valves as well. A tenorhorn (or Kaiserbariton/euphonium) playing in Bb, with 4 rotary valves, was offered on Ebay in 2014. The size of the horn is approximately 30 inch/76 cm. The bell meassures 10,5 inch/27 cm. The University of Edinburgh als has one in it's collection. It has an inscription saying: V.F. \u010cerven\u00fd & Sons, K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz - Bohemia, Europe / Sole Agent for United States: Louis Vit\u00e1k, Canton Ohio. Another euphonium is in the collection of Vince Simonetti as is a Bb tuba. The last one with Louis Vitak located in Chicago, Illinois.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Cerveny_tarv_tuba_2.jpg\nFile:Cerveny_tarv_tuba_3.jpg\nFile:Cerveny_tarv_tuba_4.jpg\nFile:Cerveny_tarv_tuba_5.jpg\nFile:Cerveny_tarv_tuba_7.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Tenorhorn, V.F.\u010cerven\u00fd & S.(ynov\u00e9), Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, source: g.mu6, Ebay.com, 2014</small>\n\nR.J.Martz has a tarv french horn in his collection.\n\nInstruments with these valves are still found in a catalog from 1925.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Cerveny 1925 2.jpg\nFile:Cer 38.jpg\nFile:Cerveny 1925 3.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>cornet, tenorhorn and Bb tuba from 1925 V.F.\u010cerven\u00fd & Synov\u00e9 catalog</small>\n\nBelow is another tarv trumpet engraved V.F.\u010cerven\u00fd & S., Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, model Champion. A fourth valve changes between (probably) Bb and A. When asked the V.F. \u010cerven\u00fd company (now an Amati subsidiary) said they believe the instrument was built between 1930 and 1950, because of the used valves and other parts, the engravings and decoration. As it's not in any of their old catalogs they think it might be a prototype or a custom made instrument. The instrument was sold on May 30, 2015 (for 295 Euro) and was offered on Ebay one week later by a seller who stated it was made between 1918 and 1925..... which is highly unlikely given the art deco-like engraving style.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:V.F.Cerveny & S Champion 7.jpg\nFile:V.F.Cerveny Champion 2.jpg\nFile:V.F.Cerveny Champion 5.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>V.F.\u010cerven\u00fd & S. tarv trumpet model Champion, source: Aukro.cz/Ebay.com 2015</small>\n\nWhat's interesting is that the engraving on the bell of the above \u010cerven\u00fd is identical to an engraving on a F.X. H\u00fcller a Spol (& Co) Champion trumpet (apart from the 'makers' name).  Champion was a model name used by F.X.H\u00fcller (and later by his son-in-law Ernst Modl) as his basic model. H\u00fcller also is known to have obtained a patent registration (D.R.G.M.) for a top action rotary valve design. \n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:F.X. Hueller Champion cf Cerveny.jpg\nFile:V.F.Cerveny Champion 5.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Identical engraving on F.X. H\u00fcller a spol trumpet (l) and V.F \u010cerven\u00fd & S. tarv trumpet (r)</small>\n\n==F.X.H\u00fcller, Graslitz Czechoslovakia==\nAnd here's a F.X. Huller Champion tarv trumpet, offered on Bazo\u0161.cz in 2019. It has an extra loop to provide tuning in Bb and C (or A?). The seller (living some 240 km south east of Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9) dates it between 1930 and 1940. The engraving says: 'F.X.H\u00fcller a spol, Kraslice' instead of 'F.X. H\u00fcller & Co, Graslitz'. That could indicate that the instrument was meant for the Czech market and not for export.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:FX Huller Champion 1.jpg\nFile:FX Huller Champion 2.jpg\nFile:FX Huller Champion 0.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small> F.X.H\u00fcller a Spol Kraslice, Champion</small>\n\nAn identical one, offered in 2022 on Aukro.cz:\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:FXHuller Champion tarv.jpg\nFile:FXHuller Champion tarv 1.jpg\nFile:FXHuller Champion tarv 2.jpg\nFile:FXHuller Champion tarv 3.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small> F.X.H\u00fcller a Spol Kraslice, Champion</small>\n\nIn 1929 Franz Xaver H\u00fcller obtained a Deutsche Reichs-Gebrauchsmuster (D.R.G.M.) registration for a top action rotary valve trumpet design (no. 1.088.742, September 4th, 1929). Franz Xaver H\u00fcller was an instrument maker from Graslitz in Czechoslovakia (now Kraslice, Czechia). He was born on December 29th of 1856, in the nearby Pechbach. He founded his factory in 1882. By 1910 H\u00fcller had 200-250 people at work. He built and traded wind instruments and stringed instruments, with branches in Markneukirchen and Klingenthal. From 1923 he also produced saxophones. In 1920 his daughters an his sons in law Anton Riedl and Ernst Modl became business partners and the name was changed to F.X. H\u00fcller & Co. H\u00fcller died in 1936. More about the F.X.H\u00fcller & Co on the page about <strong>[[Ernst Modl brass instruments]]</strong>. Modl also produced some tarv trumpets after WWII, see below.\n\nThe model was inspired by the jazz craze of those days, as was his <strong>[[Jazzophone]]</strong>. It was a way to adapt the rotary valve trumpet, common in the German speaking part of Europe, to the trumpet style used in (American) jazz, that used piston valves. In a F.X.H\u00fcller catalog it's advertised as World-Glassa model.\n[[File:FX Huller catalog World Glassa.jpg|thumb|center|<small>catalog FX H\u00fcller p. 13 ca. 1930, source fxhuller.com</small>]]\n\nA fine example was offered on Ebay.de in 2018. It has D.R.P and D.R.G.M. on the bell as well as the name GLASSA in a trefoil.  \n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Glassa DRP DRGM.jpg\nFile:Glassa DRP DRGM 1.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Glassa DRP DRGM, source Ebay.de 2018</small>\n\nIn the above mentioned catalog the patent (in fact two patents) are explained: a D.R.G.M. registration for the tarv valves and a Deutsches Reichs Patent for a new way of air passage through the valve.\n[[File:FX Huller catalogus p 10.jpg|thumb|center|<small>catalog F.X. H\u00fcller p 10, ca. 1930.</small>]]\n\nAs a side step: here is a F.X.H\u00fcller & Co F tuba with top action rotary valves in a compact tornister like wrap. The Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Instrumentenbau (Vol 50, p108) mentions a patent 1087753 for H\u00fcller: 'Zylinder-maschine bei der die Zylinder in Quadratische Form angeordnet sind', so with cylinders in a square form. The patent is dated 23-7-1929 and an example we find in this tuba. \n<gallery>\nFile:FX Huller tarv F tornister.jpg\n</gallery><small> F.X. H\u00fcller Musikinstrumentenfabrik Graslitz tarv F tuba</small>\n\nNow as to the the model name World-Glassa: World is another well known model name used by F.X.H\u00fcller. There are quite some Glassa tarv trumpets known (see further below) that are pretty much identical to the one in this catalog, some of them marked Glassa, F\u00fcrth i.B. Glass was the name of an instrument maker in F\u00fcrth, a place close to N\u00fcrnberg in Bavaria. The New Langwill Index mentions an Emil Glass in F\u00fcrth in the first half of the 20th century. He might be the man behind the Glassa name. A hypothesis could be that Glassa built the tarv model trumpets for H\u00fcller and also sold them under his own name.\n\n==Glassa, F\u00fcrth, Germany==\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Glassa.jpg\nFile:Glassa 3.jpg\nFile:Glassa 6.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Glassa, source: g.mu6 Ebay</small>\n\nTrumpet marked Glassa F\u00fcrth and also D.R.P. and H.F.S on the valves. D.R.P. could mean Deutsches Reichs Patent, a patent form that ended with the German Reich in 1945. The German patent register doesn't give a clue. It's not about the tarv system, because a 'normal' valve trombone from Glassa has the same D.R.P. inscription. The meaning of H.F.S is unclear to me. \n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Glassa Furth i B.jpg\nFile:Glassa Furth i B2.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small> Glassa F\u00fcrth i. B.</small>\n\nThis is another top action rotary valve trumpet by Glassa. This instrument is commented on the website of a Bamberg band, saying that it might originate around 1940-50. It is suggested that the reason for making tarv trumpets was an economic one, makers wanting to respond to market desires and yet being able to keep using their rotary valve tooling and parts. (The comment also states that Glassa was renowned mainly as a repair workshop so the engraving might be the result of a repair job, which is obviously not true).\nIn 2015 another Glassa, F\u00fcrth i.B. tarv was offered on German Ebay. Again the D.R.P. reference, in a trefoil.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Glassa_DRP_2015.JPG\nFile:Glassa_DRP_2015_1.JPG\nFile:Glassa_DRP_2015_4.JPG\nFile:Glassa_DRP_2015_7.JPG\nFile:Glassa_DRP_2015_8.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small> source: Ebay.de 2015</small>\n\nAnd another one in 2017, with D.R.P and H.F.S trefoils.          \n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Glassa juni 2017.jpg\nFile:Glassa juni 2017 1.jpg\nFile:Glassa juni 2017 3.jpg\nFile:Glassa juni 2017 5.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>source: Ebay.de 2017</small>\n\nAnd one more in 2017 , this time with only the HFS engraving...   \n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Glassa aug 2017.jpg\nFile:Glassa aug 2017 1.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>source Ebay.de 2017</small>\n\nThe DRP patent obviously is not only related to the Glassa tarv trumpets, here's an example of a ''rotary'' trumpet with the DRP signing in a trefoil    \n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Glassa logo rotary.jpg\nFile:Glassa logo rotary 0.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small> source Ebay.de 2019</small>\n\n==Bohland & Fuchs, Graslitz, Czechoslovakia==\n\nA very similar tarv trumpet is the B&F below. Bohland and Fuchs are established as a partnership in 1870, following the firm of Gustavus Bohland, which had been founded 20 years earlier, and flourished until 1945 when the firm was nationalized. By 1925, they had a workforce of 500. They were the first to use steam engines in their factory before WWI. Before WWII Bohland & Fuchs was one of the main brass instrument factories in Graslitz. During the war most factories were in the war industry. After the war, the production facilities of firms like B&F, Kohlert, Keilwerth, H\u00fcller were merged into the AMATI cooperative (and in 1948 nationalized). This instrument is engraved with the B&F logo and a serial number 120584 on the bell. \n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Bohland & Fuchs 120584.jpg\nFile:Bohland & Fuchs 120584 1.jpg\nFile:Bohland & Fuchs 120584 2.jpg\nFile:Bohland & Fuchs 120584 3.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>B&F serial number 120584, source g.mu6 Ebay.co.uk 2016</small>\n\nAnd an identical one with serial number 120552\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:B&F 120552 .jpg\nFile:B&F 120552 1.jpg\nFile:B&F 120552 2.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small> B&F sr.nr. 120552 source: damienek, Ebay.de 2019</small>\n\nAnd another - unmarked - one from the same Polish seller, probably also B&F. Dated by him as 70 years old\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:B&F tarv zonder naam (2).jpg\nFile:B&F tarv zonder naam.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small> unmarked tarv, source: damienek Ebay.de 2019</small>\n\nThis unmarked tarv has valve rods, push buttons that look pretty much like the \u010cerven\u00fd and the B&F. The floral designs on the bell would date it even before the \u010cerven\u00fd.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Tarv zonder naam 3a.jpg\nFile:Tarv zonder naam 1.JPG\nFile:Tarv zonder naam 4.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small> source Ebay.de 2015</small>\n\n==Ernst Paul Todt, Erlbach, Germany==\nIn a catalog dated 1932, Ernst Paul Todt from Erlbach (close to Markneukirchen and Graslitz) offers a tarv, a \"patentierter Kugelgelenkmaschine' as he calls it. It must be the H\u00fcller patent. For the first time in building jazz trumpets, he claims. With 'fabulous light pressure, excellent in tone, response and performance'. \n\n<gallery>\nFile:Ernst Paul Todt catalog Kugelgelenkmaschine 0.jpg\nFile:Ernst Paul Todt catalog Kugelgelenkmaschine.jpg\n</gallery><small>Tarv trumpet in Ernst Paul Todt catalog, source: Historische Kataloge, Weller, Arzig, Weller.</small>\n\nAnother unmarked tarv shown on Trompetenforum has a Bb and a C bow, the Bb one having an extra loop. No engravings on the instrument. According to the poster the valve section instrument possibly comes from Graslitz and was build together in the N\u00fcrnberg area, at least 50 years ago on special request for a musician who doesn't remember the maker. I think it's pretty similar to the F.X.H\u00fcller tarv with the same extra loop that's shown above.\n[[File:Tarv TF 2016.jpg|thumb|center|<small>tarv trumpet, unmarked</small>]]\n\nWhen it comes to the making of tarv trumpets, before World War II there seems to be focal point around N\u00fcrnberg. Tarv-trumpets are known from makers Franz Spengler and Constantin Riedl in N\u00fcrnberg, close to F\u00fcrth.\n\n==Franz Spengler, N\u00fcrnberg, Germany==\n\nFranz Spengler (10.11.1895 Graslitz - 13.08.1960 N\u00fcrnberg) was born in Graslitz. In the early twenties he settled in N\u00fcrnberg. He was a brass instrument maker, trader ans musician.  The New Langwill Index mentions Franz Spengler being active in 1927. The Germanischen National Museum has one of his trumpets that they date around 1920. Frans Spengler Musikinstrumentenbau N\u00fcrnberg was located in the W\u00f6lkernstra\u00dfe 29. In 1959 Spengler sold his workshop to Josef Klier.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Franz Spengler Nurnberg ca 1930.jpg\nFile:Franz Sprengler1.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Franz Spengler, ca 1930 Ebay sale 2012</small>\n\n==Const. Riedl, N\u00fcrnberg, Germany==\n\nKonstantin Josef Riedl (N\u00fcrnberg 22-6-1869 - 19-1-1950) established his workshop in 1883. His son Konstantin Richard Riedl (N\u00fcrnberg 31-3-1900 - ? ) started in 1925. In 1930 the workshop was located at the address Hintere Kart\u00e4usergasse 5, according to the 'Buch der alten Firmen der Stadt N\u00fcrnberg' from that year. The address doesn't exist any more, maybe it disappeared in the WWII bombings that destroyed 80% of the N\u00fcrnberg centre. Riedl also is known as an instrument trader,  it's not clear if he made this instrument. This instrument marked Const. Riedl Instrumentenmacher N\u00fcrnberg has a lot of similarities with the Spengler one.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Constant Riedl Nurnberg.jpg\nFile:Constant Riedl Nurnberg7 .jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Const. Riedl, N\u00fcrnberg, source Ebay</small>\n\n==C.A.Wunderlich, Siebenbrunn, Germany==\n\nA tarv trumpet model was already offered around 1928 in a catalog of C.A. Wunderlich, an instrument trader from the nearby German Siebenbrunn (it says D.R.G.M. Sch.a, meaning 'protection applied for'). I'm not sure if this is referring to the H\u00fcller D.R.G.M. application. The ad highlights two advantages of rotary valves: no failing valves and a short stop. The trumpet listed has no clock spring valves.\n[[File:Wunderlich drehventile.jpg|thumb|center|<small>C.A. Wunderlich Siebenbrunn catalog ca. 1928, source Horn-U-Copia</small>]]\n\nHere's the instrument as offered on Ebay.de in 2016.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:C.A.Wunderlich 2.jpg\nFile:C.A.Wunderlich 1.JPG\nFile:C.A.Wunderlich 3.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small>C.A. Wunderlich Siebenbrunn Vogtl. source Ebay.de 2016</small>\n\n==Robert Oswald Adler, Markneukirchen, Germany==\n\nIn a catalog from 1930/1931 or shortly afterwards Robert Oswald Adler from Markneukirchen advertises a similar design, referring to the advantage of non-sticking valves, as Wunderlich did. Adler doesn't mention any D.R.G.M. registration. That could mean this catalog dates from 1932 or later, when the H\u00fcller registration had expired.\n[[File:R O Adler jazz trompete.jpg|thumb|center|<small> catalog Robert Oswald Adler ca. 1930/1931</small>]]\n\nA D.R.G.M. registration is mentioned on the tarv trumpet below, that was offered on Ebay January 2014. It has no makers name but on the incomplete leadpipe there's D.R.G.M. engraved. But is different from the H\u00fcller and the Wunderlich ones.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Dr GM.jpg\nFile:DR GM1.jpg\nFile:DR GM2.jpg\nFile:DR GM3.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small> source Ebay 2014</small>\n\n==Anton Riedl - Arigra, Graslitz, Czechoslovakia==\n\nAnton Riedl was born in 1861 and established his own company in 1885. Musikinstrumenten-Fabrik Anton Riedl was located at the Eibenbergerstrasse 835 in Graslitz (now: Wolkerova, Kraslice). Riedl was an accomplished maker of instruments, (rotary) valve blocks and bells and also a trader of other musical instruments. <strong>[[Arigra]]</strong> is an acronym for Anton RIedl GRAslitz. The Arigra trade mark is best known for it's octagonal bell trumpets. In 1931 Anton reached the age of 70 years as senior chef of his Musikinstrumentenfabrik in full physical and mental health, as the Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Instrumentenbau mentions. Riedl's son Hugo became partner in the Musikinstrumenten-Fabrik Anton Riedl from 17-01-1931 onwards (an OHG, Offene Handelgeselschaft). From 14-05-1938 Hugo Riedl is registered as the sole owner of Anton Riedl Musikinstrumenten-Fabrik, trade name Arigra. In a list of house owners in May 1945 Hugo is still listed at the address Eibenberger Strasse 835. After WWII Germans were expelled from what again became Czechoslovakia. In a list of German people that were expelled, Hugo is not mentioned, but Anna Riedl (49) is mentioned as owner of a factory, with a husband in Bavaria, departure provided by a train on October 11th 1946. With the formalisation of the creation of the Amati collective in June 1948 (working back till 1-1-1947) Anton Riedl was one of the confiscated companies and workshops involved.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Arigra tarv 2.jpg\nFile:Arigra tarv 8.JPG\nFile:Arigra tarv 12.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small>Arigra top action rotary valve Bb trumpet with A valve, source: ebay.de 2015</small>\n\n[[File:Heinrich Hermann Dick Kat 56 6 812.jpg|thumb|left|<small> Hrch. Hermann Dick, Herdim, Katalog 56, later than 1922. source Ebay.de</small>]]\n\nA catalog 56 from Heinrich Hermann Dick in Markneukirchen offers a tarv in C with Bb valve and A extension. Dick was a trader, under the name Herdim. The catalog should be dated after 1922, because it refers to the Rudolf Mosse-Code that was implemented in that year.\n\n==Josef Keilwerth, Graslitz, Czechoslovakia==\n\nThis clock spring tarv is marked Josef Keilwerth. Josef Keilwerth was an instrumentmaker in Graslitz. He was born in 1887. This instrument has to be dated before WWII because it uses the German name for Kraslice. 736 is the house number, Keilwerth lived and worked at the Berggasse 736 (now Na Kope\u010dku 736, Kraslice). Beside this tarv trumpet a few rotary valve trumpets of his hand are know. In August 1946 he was expelled like most of the German population in the former Sudetenland after WWII. He was listed to leave by train to Bavaria, together with his wife Anna and daughters Margaretha and Gertrud.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">    \nFile:Josef Keilwerth.jpg\nFile:2Josef Keilwerth 1.jpg\nFile:Josef Keilwerth 3.JPG\nFile:Josef Keilwerth 12.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Josef Keilwerth Graslitz 736, source Ebay 2014</small>\n\n==Johan Sattler, Graslitz, Czechoslovakia==\n\n<strong>[[Johann Sattler]]</strong> was also a brass instrument maker in Graslitz. He was born in 1878. In 1904 he established his workshop, around 1938 he was still located at the address Silberbacherstrasse 23. He was also active in the trade of musical instruments and strings. Johann died before the end of WWII. \n[[File:Johann Sattler ad.jpg|thumb|left|<small>Johann Sattler ad (somewhere between 1918-1938)</small>]]\n[[File:Havlickova 28 43.png|thumb|right|<small> The location of workshop at Silberbachestrasse 23 in 2014</small>]]\n\nJohann Sattler patented a trumpet with push-rods enclosed in metal tubes in Czechoslovakia, on November 1st, 1935, no. CZ 6296 - 35. He also patented this invention in the US (US 2,106,281 by Johann Sattler of Bohemia, Czechoslovakia), filed on August 15th, 1936 and approved on January 25th,1938. In his patent he claims that opening the valves only requires a very small movement of the plungers and therefore his invention permits quicker tone variations.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Patent drawing.jpg|<small>patent drawing  US 2,106,281 </small>\n</gallery>\n\nOn September 22th 2018 the granddaughter of Johann Sattler showed in a broadcast of the Bavarian BR a Sattler JAZZMASTER which according to her was his masterpiece. It has blue and pearl valve tops and similar caps and extensive multi coloured art deco engravings. It was dated around 1910 by the experts on duty. Which would be in line with the then age of Sattler, but not with the use of the Jazzmaster name, because the use of the word jazz started later....\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Sattler Jazzmaster meisterstuck 0.jpg\nFile:Sattler Jazzmaster meisterstuck 3.jpg\nFile:Sattler Jazzmaster meisterstuck 4.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small> Jazzmaster, Johann Sattler Mus. Instr. Fabrik Graslitz, source BR.de </small>\n\nAt an auction in Vichy (France) in 2007 a Sattler, Graslitz JAZZ MASTER trumpet was sold with similar blue and pearl valve tops. In november 2015 Jan Vundr ('Brass maniac') also sold a Jazzmaster that looked identical to the Sattlers, but with no other engravings than Jazzmaster (and without blue and pearls valve tops).\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Sattler brass maniac 1.jpg\nFile:Sattler brass maniac.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Jazzmaster source: Brassmaniac.com 2015</small>\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:All musical instruments 1 pre 1920.jpg|<small>Johann Sattler, Graslitz, US Patent, sold by Sid Glickman, Riverdale, New York</small>\nFile:Sattler dillon $995.jpg|<small>Johann Sattler, for sale at Dillon Woodbridge NJ</small>\nFile:Johann Sattler, Graslitz, Patent Applied for in U.S.A. stamped receiver Czechoslavakia. Bell is double lipped.jpg|<small>Johann Sattler Graslitz, Patent Applied for in USA, source HUC</small>\n\n</gallery></small>\n\nThe Fiske Museum collection has another tarv trumpet by Johann Sattler, Graslitz, marked 'Patent Pending U.S.A.' (ca. 1937).\nThe Edinburgh museum has an instrument without a makers name but on the bell the Czech CZ 6296-35 and US 2,106,281 patents engraved and also the Made in Czechoslovakia on the reciever ferrule, with serial number 130. The picture is mirrored.\n[[File:Sattler no name Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|center|<small>serial number 130 coll. University of Edinburgh</small>]]\n\n===Star Supertone===\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Star Supertone (2).JPG\nFile:Star Supertone 3a.jpg\nFile:Star Supertone s.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Star Supertone coll. Gerard Westerhof</small>\n\nPractically identical is a trumpet marked Star Supertone with a 'K' in an art deco engraving. The bell rim mentions the Sattler U.S. and \u010c.S.R patents, on the reciever is 'Made in Czechoslovakia' engraved and a serial number 137. The valve caps have a blue star inlay in mother of pearl like the Sattler masterpiece above. Supertone was one of the tradenames used by Sears for their musical instruments, but the combination Star Supertone along with the K in the logo is unique sofar. Because of this K, my hypothesis is that the instrument might have been made by Sattler and sold by V. Kohlert and Sons from Graslitz, who is known to have made other 'Star' instruments for the American market, and sold in the US through Sears. But that's only a wild guess.\n\nThis instrument was sold in 2012 by Felicity Blastland, Swansea, UK, who got it in 1981 from a friend. His father, captain E.J. (Eric) Farmery, had owned it. Farmery was born in the late 1920\u2019s and came from Selby in Yorkshire, UK. He was a jazz enthusiast and loved playing it. It's unclear where he picked up the horn, in the 1950's he was posted in Stuttgart, India and Singapore, so it probably went out there with him.\n\n\n\nJohann Sattler also made a one-valve one. Missing the valve cap and inscribed Patent applied for U.S. Patent Office. It is 22\" long and the bell is approximately 4 3/8\" diameter.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Johann Sattler Graslitz one valve TARV trumpet.jpg\nFile:Johann Sattler Graslitz one valve TARV trumpet1.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Johann Sattler, Graslitz, source Ebay.com (US) 2018</small>\n\nSattler applied the same patent to the tuba, of which an example is in the Hartenberger World Music Collection.\n\n===Kielbich & Sattler===\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Sattler Kielbich 5.JPG\nFile:Sattler Kielbich.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Julian Kielbich & Johann Sattler, source Ebay.</small>\n\nSattler marketed his invention not only in the U.S. The model is found with both the name Julian Kielbich, an instrument trader from the Polish town of Bydgoszcz and Johann Sattler, Graslitz engraved. Bydgoszcz is a city in the northwest of Poland. It was German and named Bromberg until 1920 and during WWII. This trumpet says P.A. 6296, which I believe means 'Patent angefragt' (patent pending), referring to the Czech patent that was granted in 1935.\n\n==Nathan Einhorn, Philadelphia US==\n\nOne year before Sattlers invention was patented, a certain Nathan Einhorn had applied for a patent on another tarv like design, on September 28th 1937. That patent was granted August 20, 1940, patent number US2211770. He claimed \"a novel construction and arrangement of a rotary valve trumpet which is adapted to he held in an upright condition, and in the same upright position as trumpets having reciprocatory valves. The tube arrangement is such that the trumpet can be more readily grasped by the musician, as the fingers surround upright tubes instead of the Valves. The arrangement of the tubing is such that the water condensed therein will pass to a single water key. The action is much shorter and faster than has heretofore been deemed possible in an upright trumpet.\"\n\nEinhorn also stated that his instrument would give less shock to the embochure or lips, due to the light touch of fingers in operation. The valves were operated through a turntable. I don't know if there has been any prototype ever.\n\n[[File:US2211770-0 Einhorn.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Nathan Einhorn patent number US221170</small>]]\n\nA few years before the same Einhorn had patented a valve guide system. Wikipedia tells me there is a Nathan Einhorn who was a journalist and Executive Secretary of the American Newspaper Guild in New York from 1938 to 1946. Google lists a Nathan Einhorn in Philadelphia, born in Russia and aged 65 in 1940. And (another) Nathan Einhorn born around 1902 in Romania who lived in Philadelphia and was 38 in 1940. But then WWII came and maybe that didn't help exploiting his invention.\n\n==Ant Janda, Hodon\u00edn, Czechoslovakia==\n\nAnt(hony) Janda made some tarv trumpets with distinctive finger rings. Janda was an instrument maker in Hodon\u00edn, a small Czech town close to the Slowakian border. Anthony Janda, a native of Broz\u00e1nek at Melinka was trained in leading races at home and abroad, such as in France or Switzerland. In Vienna he met his future wife, with whom he left to Hodon\u00edn. Here in 1922 he founded the production and repair of musical instruments.The company first briefly resided in Masaryk Square, later moved to N\u00e1rodn\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddu \u010d. p. 54. Janda was an active musician himself before WW I, playing the violin, bass and other instruments at the theater and later in Hodon\u00edn. In the beginning he had a modest repairing business, alone and later with his brother. But soon the firm expanded and employed up to 17 employees, focusing on the production of wind instruments. The Janda company sold well not only in Czechoslovakia but also abroad, Switzerland, Yugoslavia and other Balkan states. The company ceased its operations in 1951.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Ant Janda Hodonin 1.jpg|<small>  Ant. Janda, source Ebay</small>\nFile:Ant Janda Hodonin 3.jpg\nFile:Ant Janda workshop.jpg|<small>Ant Janda workshop, archive Masarykova Muzea</small>\n</gallery>\n\nSome of his trumpets have an additional valve to lower the pitch from C to Bb. The finger rings suggest that the instrument was meant to be played one handed.\n[[File:Ant Janda Hodonin gmu6.jpg|thumb|center|<small> Ant Janda, source Ebay g.mu6 </small>]]\n\n==Josef Lidl, Brno, Czechoslovakia==\nAn almost identical trumpet was sold by Josef Lidl from Brno. [http://www.joseflidl.cz/ Josef Lidl] was founded in what was then Moravia in 1892 as a pianoforte dealer, and is the oldest manufacturer of instruments in the Czech republic. Josef Lidl (1-7-1864 / 11-1-1946)  was succeeded by his son Vaclav (31-10 1894 / 1972) in 1920. In 1948 the company was nationalized and integrated in the Amati collective. This trumpet has the same finger rings and extra loop for a quick change between C and Bb as the Janda one. Brno is some 70 km from Hodonin. \n\n<gallery>\nFile:Josef Lidl.jpg\nFile:Josef Lidl 1.jpg\nFile:Josef Lidl 2.jpg\nFile:Josef Lidl 3.jpg\nFile:Josef Lidl 4.jpg\nFile:Josef Lidl 6.jpg\n</gallery><small>Josef Lidl, Brno, tarv trumpet, nr 4 on the middle valve casing, coll.: Gerard Westerhof</small>\n\n==Josef Dotzauer, Graslitz Czechoslovakia==\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Josef Dotzauer.jpg\nFile:Josef Dotzauer 1.jpg\nFile:Josef Dotzauer 2.jpg\n</gallery>\n\nThis tarv trumpet by Josef Dotzauer plays in Bb and C according to the Ebay seller. It says Graslitz, B\u00f6hmen on the bell, which dates it before 1939. The finger rings are similar to those on the above Janda and Lidl trumpets.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:JOSEF DOTZAUER Graslitz Sudetengau.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Jozef Dotzauer, Graslitz, Sudetengau, valves numbered 3,2,1. source: Markneukirchen Museum forum</small>\n</gallery>\nAnother Jozef Dotzauer, this time with the engraving Jozef Dotzauer Graslitz Sudetengau. That means that it dates a little later, after the Germans took over (1939).\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  File:Janis tarv.jpg\nFile:Janis tarv 6a.jpg\nFile:Janis tarv 11.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>tarv trumpet coll.: Janis Edvards Strupis</small>\n\nAnd a tarv trumpet without a makers name that has the same roots, also playing in Bb and C, thumb and pinky ring obviously removed.\n\n==Alois Kotek, Chlumec nad Cidlinou, Czechoslovakia==\n\nAlois Kotek was an active maker from 1924-1950 in Chlumec at the Cidlinou river, a Czech village in the Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 region. One Alois Kotek tarv trumpet was sold on Ebay in 2011 and another through Aukro.cz in 2019. The last one was offered by Jaroslav \u0160t\u00fdbl in Slovakia. He dates it in the twenties.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Alois Kotek Chlumek horn-u-copia.jpg\nFile:Alois Kotek aukro 2019 (1).png\nFile:Alois Kotek aukro 2019 (2).png\n</gallery>\n<small> Alois Kotek, source: HUC, Aukro.cz 2019 </small>\n\nOthers, for sale in 2013 and 2014, have a slightly different design of the valve rods.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Alois Kotek Robinson.jpg\nFile:Alois Kotek Robinson 3.jpg\nFile:Alois Kotek 2014 5.JPG\nFile:Alois Kotek 2014.jpg\nFile:Alois Kotek sticker.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Alois Kotek, source: Ebay.co.uk 2013/144</small>\n\n==Alois Zmitko, Louny, Czechoslovakia==\n\nAlois Zm\u00edtko (1866-1933), was active as of 1894 in Louny, Bohemia, 60 km north west of Prague along the Eger. The New Langwill Index mentions him as a maker of woodwind and brass instruments between 1894 and 1948, when his son Ladislav was expropriated. This Zm\u00edtko tarv trumpet in C also has an extension to make it play in Bb. It plays very well, both in terms of its ease of response and intonation, according to its owner, John Hagstrom, trumpet player in the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Although better in C than in Bb.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Alois Zmidtko.jpg|<small>Alois Zmitko, coll. John Hagstrom, Chicago</small>\nFile:Alois Zmitko trumpet Louny 1 HUC.jpg|<small>Horn-u-copia has an identical instrument from Zm\u00edtko, with the extension to make it play in Bb.</small>\n</gallery>\n\nBesides woodwind (clarinets) and brass (flugelhorns, trumpets, trombones, helicon) there are also stringed instruments from Zmitko around. A label in an old Zmitko violin says 'Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed velkov\u00fdroba a v\u00fdvoz hudebn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje', 'special manufacture and export of musical instruments'. Alois was succeeded by his son  Ladislav (b1901) who was expropriated in 1948, according to the Langwill index.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Alois Zmitko label 1.jpg| <small>Zmitko, Louny violin label</small>\nFile:Alois Zmitko label 2.jpg\n</gallery>\n\n==Herms-Niel-fanfare, Ernst Hess Nachf., Klingenthal, Germany==\n\nAn application of the one hand playability is found in the Herms-Niel-fanfare. [http://www.tomahawkfilms.com/blog/index-p=3875.html| Herms Niel] (1888-1954) was the band-leader of the orchestra (Reichsmusikzug) of the Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) training establishment in Potsdam in the thirties. The RAD (Reich Labour Service), was a major organisation established by Nazi Germany as an agency to help mitigate the effects of mass unemployment on German economy, militarise the workforce and indoctrinate it with Nazi ideology. Niel, known as composer of a lot of popular marches and songs in the Nazi era, invented and devised a fanfare trumpet known as the \u2018Herms-Niel-Doppelfanfare\u2019 in E & B flat. It was manufactured by Ernst Hess Nachf., an musical instrument maker and dealership in Klingenthal. The Herms-Niel-Doppelfanfare appears in the 1938 Hess catalog, described as a novelty, with D.R.G.M. registration number 504778 (which is a strange number because it's a number that should be dated somewhere around March 1912).\n\n[[File:Herms Niel fanfare.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Bb trumpet/Eb trumpet/Eb natural fanfare,  source:  cat. 1938 Ernst Hess Nachf. Klingenthal</small>]]\n<small>(special thanks to Peter Willemsen who pointed me to this catalog picture)</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Hess 1938 Herms Niel.jpg\n</gallery>\nThe catalog shows an Eb trumpet with a quick change valve to a Bb trumpet (with additional change valves to add length to the respective valve bows). It can thus be played as a Bb trumpet, an Eb trumpet and as a natural Eb trumpet/fanfare. Because of the top action valve design it can be played by one hand, thus making it possible to create the traditional outlook of tighly drawn fanfare blowers. Niel also designed a bass trumpet in fanfare form, which made it possible to play pieces in four voices in all scales. The Hess catalogue quotes the V\u00f6lkischer Beobacher, the official NDSAP newspaper, describing on August 28, 1938, how the Herms-Niel fanfares would make their debut on the Reichsparteitag in N\u00fcrnberg in September 1938, where 36 players would welcome the F\u00fchrer. \n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:RAD Musikzug Herms Niel.jpg\nFile:Herms Niel op fanfare.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Reichsmusikzug of the RAD in 1940, playing in front of Haus Wahnfied, former residence of Richard Wagner in Bayreuth. Right: Herms Niel playing a fanfare (1943 coll. Cegesoma)</small>\n\nIn 2015 a Herms Niel fanfare was offered on Ebid.com. It's in dual pitch, with a rotor valve changing between Eb and Bb. Marketed by Musikhaus Hess Klingenthal. A similar instrument is in the collection of Musikmuseum Basel.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Ernst Hess Herms Niels fanfare.jpg\nFile:Herms Niel dual pitch trumpet or signal horn 1.jpg\nFile:Herms Niel dual pitch trumpet or signal horn 2.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small> source: Ebid.com 2015/coll.: Musikmuseum Basel, photo: JunWha Shin</small>\n\n==Johannnes Adler, Markneukirchen Germany==\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Johannes Adler 0.jpg\nFile:Johannes Adler 1.JPG\nFile:Johannes Adler 3.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small>Johannes Adler tarv trumpet Markneukirchen, source Ebay.de 2016</small>\n\nIn a Johannes Adler catalog (Preisbuch 49) that has to be dated after 1934 this trumpet is listed as Jazztrompete mit Zylindermaschine, for RM125.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Johannes Adler catalog.jpg\n</gallery>\nThe catalog mentions on front and back site that he is 'arisch'. \n\nJohannes Adler (1899-1963) is mostly known for his recorders. The company started in 1924 as trader of musical instruments. As of 1934 he produced recorders and he also claims in several catalogs to make his own brass and other instruments. After the war he continued with only recorders.\n[[File:Johannes Adler AK 1.jpg|thumb|center]]\n\n==Reinhard Voigt, Markneukirchen, Germany==\n\nA tarv trumpet with pretty long lapels like the Johannes Adler above and on the middle valve cap the inscription Deutsche Qual Maschine (German quality valve block) along with a small figure. On the bell it reads 'Olymp' and 'Musikhaus J\u00f6rgensen D\u00fcsseldorf'. The valve block is identified by Mario Weller as made by Reinhard Voigt from Markneukirchen in the 1930's. The small figure is the registered trademark of Voigt, two crossed slides with steel ball joints. Rotary valve maker Voigt had these Kugelgelenkschieber patented (D.R.P) in 1929.\nThe Musikhaus J\u00f6rgensen that sold the trumpet was founded in 1930 by the Danish Jacob J\u00f6rgensen in D\u00fcsseldorf on H\u00fcttenstra\u00dfe 8.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Jorgensen 2.jpg\nFile:Jorgensen 1 Olymp Musikhaus J\u00f6rgensen.jpg\nFile:Jorgensen 4.jpg\nFile:Jorgensen 5.jpg\n</gallery>\n\n==Philip Reichel, Markneukirchen, Germany==\n\nOne year before the public presentation of the Herms-Niel-fanfare a top action rotary valve trumpet is the only trumpet in the German musical instrument stand on the World Fair 1937 in Paris.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Paris Exposition Internationale 1937.jpg\nFile:Trade mark4.JPG\nFile:Trade mark5.jpg\nFile:Trade mark8.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>source: Ebay 2011</small>\n\nThis trumpet bears two sides of the World Fair Art and Technology medal and another saying 'Trade Mark' with a lion and a trumpet in it. \n\nThe medal of the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques appliqu\u00e9s \u00e0 la Vie Moderne explained: on the front side of the medal: a full figured woman, facing, draped in Greek dress, bare breasted; raising her arms and head to the sky - allegory of Paris; background: group of four women, playing instruments and also looking up - representing Art and Technology. On the back side a sailing ship, the 'nave de Notre Dame de Paris'. The World Fair in Paris was dominated by the opposition of Nazi Germany and communist Russia and showed amongst others Picasso's famous Guernica painting.\nThere's no maker name but the Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Instrumentenbau lists in the November 15th, 1937 issues all the German exhibitors. The only trumpet came from Philipp Reichel in Markneukirchen. The upper medal with with lion, lyra and cornet is recognized as belonging to Philipp Reichel, the engraving also is very similar to that on a Philipp Reichel trumpet sold on Ebay in 2013, that bears the same medals.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Philip Reichel.jpg\nFile:Trade mark12.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small> engravings on Philipp Reichel Markneukirchen trumpet compared to the above tarv trumpet</small>\n\nInside the case there's a Perl Gold label. 'Perl Gold' was a label used by the musical instrument wholesaler Kurt Gropp (1901-1979) for the instruments he distributed between 1922 and 1972, when it was taken over by the East German state. The actual instruments were made partially in their own shop, partially made under contract by suppliers working from home and he also traded instruments from independent makers in the region. The label translates as \"Perl Gold / for sophisticated buyers / made by the best qualified workers using first-class materials\".\n\n==W. Ed. Voigt Jun. Markneukirchen==\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:W. Ed. Voigt Jun Markneukirchen.jpg\nFile:W. Ed. Voigt Jun Markneukirchen 1.jpg\nFile:W. Ed. Voigt Jun Markneukirchen 2.jpg\nFile:W. Ed. Voigt Jun Markneukirchen 4.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small> W.Ed. Voigt Jun. source g.mu6 Ebay.com 2015</small>\n\nWilhelm Eduard Voigt jun. (04.04.1830-31.10.1881) probably was a woodwind instrument maker. He founded a trading company in the Albertstrasse in Markneukirchen, that's still listed there in the Weltadressbuch 1926. In 1930 it's listed with Emil Otto Jacob as owner in the Klingenthaler Strasse.\n\n==J. Mollenhauer & S\u00f6hne, Fulda, Germany==\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Mollenhauer.jpg\nFile:Mollenhauer 1.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small>J. Mollenhauer &S\u00f6hne Fulda, coll. Marco Rippert, Fulda, Germany</small>\n\nThe extensive company history of Mollenhauer in Fulda mentions Josef Mollenhauer (1875\u20131964) as a trumpet maker. Maybe they built the instrument themselves, maybe they traded it only. Mollenhauer sold in the 50's and 60's a lot of Miraphone instruments (and other brands, like Wohlrab) under their own name, according to Marco Rippert. Nowadays it's a big music shop. The other branch of the family still builds recorders in Fulda, and was famous for their flutes in the 50's.\n\n==Christian Reisser, Ulm an der Donau, Germany==\n\nA tarv trumpet marked Reisser Instrumentenfabrik in Ulm, founded in 1874 by instrument maker Christian Reisser. The company developed as a trading company music shop after it was completely demolished at the end of WWII. Reisser marketed instruments from companies like Miraphone, Cerveny, Roland Meinl.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Reisser.jpg\nFile:Reisser 5.jpg\nFile:Reisser 9.jpg \n</gallery>\n<small>Christian Reisser Ulm, Donau source: Ebay.de 2019</small>\n\n==Julius Rudolph, Gotha, Germany==\n\nA rotary valve trumpet with 19th century American style valves. Made by Julius Rudolph in Gotha, Germany. Probably in the thirties, when Gotthard Rudolph was leading the firm. The picture was provided by Johannes Keilwerth who since 1977 operates the workshop.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Julius Rudolph tarv.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Julius Rudolph, source Johannes Keilwerth</small>\n</gallery>\n\n==Franz H\u00f6rth, Saarbr\u00fccken==\n\nA similar tarv trumpet bears the name of Franz H\u00f6rth, Saarbr\u00fccken.\n\n<gallery>\nFile:Franz Hoerth.jpg\nFile:Franz Hoerth 1.jpg\nFile:Franz Hoerth 3.jpg\nFile:Franz Hoerth 5.jpg\nFile:Franz Hoerth 6.jpg\n</gallery><small>Franz H\u00f6rth, Saarbr\u00fccken, tarv trumpet</small>\n\nFranz H\u00f6rth (or Hoerth) (1862-1932) founded his musical instrument firm in what was known as St. Johann in 1898. This small fishing village merged around 1909 with two other villages to form Saarbr\u00fccken. H\u00f6rth\u2019s son-in-law Richard Wolff became manager of the company around 1921, then known as \u201cFranz Hoerth, metal and wood instrument maker, musical instruments and talking machines.\" On the internet I found a reference to a H\u00f6rth Wehrmacht fanfare, which would indicate that the company still existed shortly before WWII.\nThe trumpet has an engraving that dates it somewhere in the 1920-1930's. Like the Rudolph one above, it has valve paddles that don't go straight down, but in a circular movement. It's a construction that also can been found with a lot of string operated tarv instruments from the US, only this one has no strings but rods. On the bell is written 'Ges.Gesch.' gesetzlich gesch\u00fctzt, which means that is was patented someway. I found a bass tuba patent from H\u00f6rth dated August 26th 1903, so it's not unlikely that he patented this invention himself.\n\nA similar system is found on this pockettrumpet, sold by Auction house Mehlis and dated early 20th century by them. \n<gallery>File:Taschenkornett no name Mehlis.jpg</gallery>\n<small>Pocket cornet with inclined flaps, size 26 cm, source: Auktionshaus Mehlis</small>\n\nIt's a system that was developed much earlier already, as this Halari tarv cornet from ca. 1845 shows. It is the model of the earlier mentioned string operated top action rotary valves that can be found in the US.\n<gallery>File:Halari tarv cornet in C Halari, probably c 1845.jpg</gallery>\n\n==Josef Mosch, Rosenthal, Germany==\n\nA small trumpet (maybe a cornet?) from Josef Mosch, Rosenthal, Bezirk Kassel. Bell size 119 mm. The shop from Josef and his son Franz Mosch, Am Graben 8, seems to have faded away around 2006. Josef Mosch was the first director of the Posaunen Chor in Rosenthal, from 1968 till around 1988, when his son and successor Franz Mosch took over. Both have already passed away. Josef Mosch from Rosenthal also was active around 1981 in the BdV, the Bund der Vertriebenen, the organisation of German expellees, which suggests that he originally came from Sudetenland (where there were instrument makers named Mosch before WWI, according to the Langwill index). Ernst Mosch, the famous director of Egerl\u00e4nder music, born in 1925, also came from that region, from Zwodau (now Svatava). In that case this trumpet should be dated after WWII....\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Josef Mosch.jpg\nFile:Josef Mosch 1.jpg\nFile:Josef Mosch 2.jpg\nFile:Josef Mosch 6.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Josef Mosch, Rosenthal Bez.Kassel Musik- Instr.-Bau</small>\n\n=20th Century post-WWII tarv trumpets=    \n\nAfter the war, different makers in East Germany (the DDR) and West Germany (the BRD) made tarv trumpets. Maarten van Weverdijk states that the popularity with some street and marching bands in Germany and Austria was based on the fact that the tarv trumpet was easier to hold than the traditional rotary valve instrument, as it was playable with one hand.\n\n==Ernst Modl, Neustadt a.d. Aisch, Germany==\n\nPhil Holcomb, St. Pete Beach, Florida, has an Eb soprano trumpet marked Emo World. Holcomb dates this instrument ca 1915. I think it's younger than that. Emo is the name under which Ernst Modl (04.07.1892 - 07.09.1972), son-in law of F.X. H\u00fcller from Graslitz operated, and World is one of the model names H\u00fcller and Modl used.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:1915-Emoworld-Tpt-R.jpg\nFile:1915-Emoworld-Trumpet-L.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Emo World, coll. Phil Holcomb, Florida</small>\n\nFranz Xaver H\u00fcller died in 1936. During the war, the company obviously became involved in the production of aircraft; the archive of the Bank der deutschen Luftfahrt lists 'Emo Leichtmetallbau, Ernst Modl & Co. KG, Gr\u00fcnberg/Sudetenland (bis Nov. 1941: F. X. H\u00fcller & Co., Werk II)' as one of the companies they were dealing with. A treaty between the German Reich and the company from 1942 and a document about 142 Russians at work in the premisses are among the notable files.\n\nThe German speaking population of the Graslitz region (Sudetenland) was expelled after WWII, the H\u00fcller & Co factory was integrated with the other instrument factories in the Amati collective. Modl left Graslitz in september 1946, arrived by train in N\u00fcrnberg, and went to Neustadt an der Aisch were, like other expelled instrument makers, he started with repairing instruments. He made a trip to London, where he was intended to be the manager at Selmer. That lasted only for about a week, 'they only have tea time', he's reported to have said. On Januar 1st 1950 he restarted under the name F.X. H\u00fcller & Co, with the trademark Emo, making mutes and then rotary valves. Two years later he already had a workforce of 30 people, mostly from Graslitz, and made all kind of brass instruments. In 1954 he went to a new building in the nearby Diespeck. After Ernst Modl died in 1972, his daughter closed the factory in 1973 (50-60 craftsman). His workmaster, Andreas Schmidt, opened his own workshop in Neustadt a.d. Aisch. More about <strong>[[Ernst Modl brass instruments]]</strong> on a separate page.\n\nIn the legacy of Ernst Modl, Marco Rippert found a picture of this Emo Bb trumpet, with Selmer like waterkeys and hidden springs, made in the 50's /60's. Tarv trumpets were not new to Ernst Modl as before WWII he probably was involved with the above mentioned H\u00fcller patent; maybe he even was the 'inventor'.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Emo tarv1.jpg|<small>Emo Bb trumpet</small>\nFile:Ernst Modl.jpg|<small>Ernst Modl</small>\n</gallery>\n\nIn September 2014 such an Emo instrument was offered on Ebay.de. It has the model name Emo World engraved as well as 'Rotary'. On the bell there's also the name of the dealer, Musikhaus Kanitz, from Donaueschingen. It has a variable thumb ring for the right hand and a third valve slider. The seller had bought the instrument second hand in 1975, and had it silver finished instead of the original gold brass finish.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">    \nFile:Emo World rotary.jpg\nFile:Emo World rotary 1.JPG\nFile:Emo World rotary foto 6.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Emo World Rotary, valves numbered 34,35,36 coll.: Gerard Westerhof</small>\n \nAn identical one was offered on Ebay.de in 2019     \n[[File:Emo World rotary Konni.jpg|thumb|center|<small> Emo World rotary source Ebay.de  2019</small>]]\n\nMarco Rippert provided me with a catalog page where Modl describes the instrument. Modl advertises it as a Bb/A instrument for concert and jazz purposes. He claims a few novelties: a new construction to press the valves with hidden springs gives a direct connection to the valves and makes playing light. A new patented valve system (dated 1963) makes cleaning of the valves easy: unscrew the screw at the back, take of the outer ring and take out the inner part of the valve, which is perfectly cylindrical. The valve cone is coated and should make glissando's easy. And then there is a lever to move the third valve slide, something Modl had patented for piston trumpets in 1956.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">    \nFile:Emo World rotary catalog page.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Emo catalog World Rotary, 1963 or later, source: Marco Rippert</small>\n\nAlmost identical but with small differences and without a makers name is this tarv trumpet. The valves are operated with strings. It was owned by the late Robert W.Oades from Canada and looks like an Emo prototype.\n[[File:Emo C no name-1.jpg|thumb|center|<small>'Emo', source Peter Willemsen coll.: University of Ottawa School of Music.</small>]]\n\nHere's what Oades writes about it:\n\n\"The manager of Boosey and Hawkes (B & H) in Toronto had attended the Frankfurt Instrumental Fair in 1961 (I think) and had been interested in a new trumpet that had the use of rotary ventils instead of the normal pistons. He brought this trumpet back to Canada, and asked me to try it and give him an appreciation of the instrument. The trumpet is pitched in C, which may have been a mistake, as it would perhaps have been better in B\u266d. The stroke for the ventils was very short and seemed to be very positive, except that there was a feeling of  'sag' due to the stringing of the mechanism. It is generally agreed that the rotary valve is very responsive and accurate. My conclusion was that the instrument would not be readily accepted by most orchestral trumpet players here in North America. I wrote a short note concerning this, and gave the trumpet back to B & H. As it turned out, B & H had no use for it and it was given to me; in fact, they kindly lacquered it for me.\"\n\n==Miraphone, Waldkraiburg, Germany==\n\nMiraphone is a post WW II brand. When after WW II most of the German population in Sudetenland was expelled, thirteen instrument makers from Graslitz moved to Waldkraiburg in the southern part of West-Germany and started repairing musical instruments under the name 'Produktivgenossenschaft der Graslitzer Musikinstrumentenerzeuger eGmbH'. As of 1947 they built new instruments as well, branded Miraphone. The new Miraphone-logo was used from 1948 onwards. The Miraphone tarv trumpet that showed up twice on Ebay in 2014 has an additional engraving, referring to the seller, Musik Schuhmacher, Schramberg, a small town in Southern Germany. The first seller dated the instrument to 1960.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">    \nFile:Miraphone 0.jpg\nFile:Miraphone 4.jpg\nFile:Miraphone aug 2014 1.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small> Miraphone, source Ebay 2014</small>\n\nAnother tarv trumpet that also is related to Miraphone is this one. It was built in 1952 as his masterpiece by a craftsman of what now is Miraphone. Interesting is the valve guard, that lies apart in the second picture.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">    \nFile:Miraphone Meister 1.jpg\nFile:Miraphone Meister 4.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>tarv source: Ebay 2014</small>\n\n==Kurt Scherzer, Augsburg, Germany==\n\nIn the western part of Germany Kurt Scherzer (Markneukirchen 1895 - Augsburg 1962) was active in Augsburg from 1930 - 1955. Kurt Scherzer (not related to Johannes Scherzer) is best known for his Prof. A.Piechler Model that was played by the famous trumpeter Adolf Scherbaum. Adolph Scherbaum (1909-2000) was born in Eger (Bohemia) and was amongst others the principal trumpet in the German Philharmonic in Prague from 1939-1941. The Scherzer piccolo trumpet in Bb was made to look like a D trumpet by adding the bottom false tube from leadpipe to loop at the front of the bell. It is tuned by pulling out the bell section.According to Maarten van Weverwijk, there were made less than 50 of this model. \n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Horn u copia Scherzer Augsburg Prof. A. Piechler Piccolo Bb.jpg|<small> Scherbaum's Bb piccolo trumpet by Kurt Scherzer, Augsburg, 1950</small>                      \nFile:Trompette piccolo en argent de Scherbaum, fabrique par Kurt Scherzer en 1950.jpg|<small>Scherzer, Augsburg, Modell Prof. A. Piechler, source HUC</small>                                                     \n</gallery>\n\nProfessor Arthur Piechler (1896 Magdeburg - 1974 Landau an der Isar) was a German composer and organist. In 1925 he became teacher at the Augsburg Leopold Mozart Conservatory and for thirty years he was a leading force in the Augsburg musical life, as director of the Oratoriumverein and from 1945-1955 of the conservatory.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Kurt Scherzer D trompet model Piechler4.jpg\nFile:Kurt Scherzer D trompet model Piechler1.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small>The Scherzer D trumpet, model Prof. A. Piechler. \nScherzer D trumpet, pre 1955, source Trumpetmaster.com</small> \n\nAnd another model Prof A. Piechler D trumpet with a smaller bell flare.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:D Trumpet Scherzer Piechler Around 1960 1.jpg\nFile:D Trumpet Scherzer Piechler Around 1960 2.JPG\nFile:D Trumpet Scherzer Piechler Around 1960 4.JPG\n</gallery> \n<small>Scherzer Augsburg Original modell Prof A. Piechler, D trumpet around 1960, source Ebay 2014</small>\n\n[[File:SCHERZER Augsburg Modell Prof. A. Piechler trumpetjunkie.jpg|thumb|left|<small>Kurt Scherzer long model piccolo trumpet coll. Trumpetjunkie</small>]]\n\nThis Scherzer is a long model piccolo trumpet. The bell engraving reads: \"SCHERZER Augsburg Modell Prof. A. Piechler\".  Key of B flat.  Believed to be made in the 60's, it's an updated version of the long model Scherzer that Adolf Scherbaum made famous in the 50s with his numerous performances of the second Brandenburg concerto. This particular instrument was owned by Mel Broiles, the former principal trumpet of the Met Orchestra.\n\nIn 1950 Hermann Sandner (\u20202001) and his father Johann started working with Scherzer. In 1953 Sandner acquired his master's certificate and in 1954 he overtook the workshop from Scherzer, under the name Firma Kurt Scherzer Inh. Hermann Sandner. By then the shop was located at the Kapuzinergasse 8. He sold the shop in 1994 to Dorfner.\n\nThe Metropolitan Museum features a Scherzer Bb piccolo engraved: \"Scherzer Augsburg, Inh. H. Sandner, Mod. Prof. Piechler\" stamped \"77\" on socket, 1977, coll Metropolitan Museum\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Kurt Scherzer 1977 Bb piccolo trompet ScherzerAugsburgJon. H. Sandner Mod. Prof. Pieckler Met msueum.jpg\n</gallery>\nThis is a model Piechler piccolo D trumpet made by Sandner for the trumpet soloist of the Mozarteum Orchester of Salzburg.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Scherzer D mozarteum (4).JPG\nFile:Scherzer D mozarteum (6).JPG\n</gallery>\n<small> Mozarteum Orchester inh. H. Sandner 301-1</small>\n \nAnd a Scherzer Bb trumpet of the seventies.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Kurt Scherzer Augsburg jaren 70 -Trompete 002.jpg|thumb|left|<small>Kurt Scherzer Bb 70's, source Ebay</small>\n</gallery>\nOn Trompetenforum.de there's also a G trumpet from Kurt Scherzer mentioned.\n\n==Helmut John, Erfurt, Germany==\n\nHelmut John was an instrument maker in East German Erfurt, until around 1950. The trumpet below was sold on Ebay in 2010 and engraved with H. John Erfurt and a naked lady, an engraving that's found on other John instruments as well. The leadpipe goes behind the valve rods. The valve inlays are stated to be red-braun barnstone.  \n[[File:Helmut John Erfurt.jpg|thumb|center|<small>H. John Erfurt, source Ebay</small>]]\n\nThe second trumpet also has extensive engravings but no lady. It has a black finish.\n[[File:Helmut John G.jpg|thumb|center|<small>H.John Erfurt, coll. Gerard Westerhof</small>]]\n\n==Helmut Seifert, Chemnitz, Germany==\n\nHelmut Seifert was an instrument maker in Karl Marx Stadt (now Chemnitz).\n[[File:H Seifert.jpg|thumb|center|<small>source: Ebay</small>]]\n\nThis trumpet has a nice engraving on the bell and the name \"Helmut Seifert KM Stadt\". Chemnitz was named Karl Marx Stadt between 1953 - 1990. On the valve block a number V868D, which is a number given by the valve block maker.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Helmut Seifert Chemnitz Uwe.jpg\nFile:Helmut Seifert Chemnitz Uwe 4.JPG\nFile:Helmut Seifert Chemnitz Uwe 5.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small>Helmut Seifert KM Stadt, source: Ebay.de 2016</small>\n\nAnother Seifert trumpet is engraved with H Seifert Chemnitz. As Seifert only was active until ca. 1980 (according to Wolfram on Trompetenforum.de), this one must be dated before 1953.\n\n==Felix Ellrich, Karl Marx Stadt, Germany==\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Ellrich Kornett Zylinderjazz (4).jpg\nFile:Ellrich Kornett Zylinderjazz (1).jpg\nFile:Ellrich Kornett Zylinderjazz (3).jpg\n</gallery>   \n<small>Cornet Felix Ellrich, source Frieder L\u00f6bner, Bautzen</small>\n\nAlso from Karl Marx Stadt is this cornet by Felix Ellrich. According to Mario Weller, Ellrich started a workshop in 1952 after return from (Russian) captivity. He died in the 70's. The cornet has similar valve caps as the Seifert trumpet and a tuning slide that can be unscrewed.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Felix Ellrich Chemnitz.JPG\nFile:Felix Ellrich Chemnitz1.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small>Felix Ellfrich cornet with \"Chemnitz\" as location, so dating before 1953. Source ebay.de 2017</small>\n\n==Rino workshop: Kurt Knoth and Johannes Scherzer, Markneukirchen==\n\nIn 1935 Kurth Knoth took over the Rino workshop founded by his father Emil in 1900 in Markneukirchen. Rino is said to be Knoths nickname Knoths, alluding to the robber Rinaldo Rinaldini, whom he allegedly looked like. Kurt Knoth moved the workshop  to the Mosenstra\u00dfe 13. As of 1961 his nephew Johannes Scherzer (10-8-1922/7-4-2018) was leading the workshop, he had worked there already since he passed his master examination in 1951. The name of Kurt Knoth was used till 1970 when Knoth died. As of Februar 1970 Meister J. Scherzer or Meister Johannes Scherzer was used. Like Knoth he used the Rino trademark. \nThe instruments were also marketed under the Sinfonia brand. \"Sinfonia\" was the name of a PGH ('Produktionsgemeinschaft des Handwerks', Community of Production of Crafts) in the GDR. This was founded in 1960. The instruments of various other workshops were also marketed through this PGH. 'Sinfonia' stood for the highest quality level of musical instruments manufactured in the GDR. From about 1965 the staff in the Sinfonia emblem ceased to exist. \n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Kurt Knoth Heikki Moisio.jpg\nFile:Kurt Knoth Rino 2 Heiki Moisio.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small> Rino, Kurth Knoth Inst. Bau-Meister Migma, coll. Heikki Moisio ca 1960</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Rino Sinfonia 52, 53, 54 Thorsten (1).jpg\nFile:Rino Sinfonia 52, 53, 54 Thorsten (4).JPG\n</gallery>\n<small>Rino Sinfonia, valve numbers 52,53,54, source Thorsten Wachter</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Rino Sinfonia cornet 5.jpg\nFile:Rino Sinfonia cornet 3.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small>Rino Sinfonia cornet, source Ebay 2014</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Scherzer Bb bas.jpg\nFile:Scherzer Bb bas 1.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Rino Sinfonia Bb bas trumpet Meister J. Scherzer source Ebay.de 2019</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Kurt Knoth Rino Sinfonia SG66.jpg\nFile:Kurt Knoth Sinfonia SG66 1.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small> Rino Modell SG 66 Meister Kurt Knoth Sinfonia Markneukirchen, coll. Mark</small>\n\nJohannes Scherzer made a well known tarv trumpet, the SG66. According to Mario Weller, Johannes Scherzer started in 1963 with the SG63 prototype. The abbreviation SG refers to the names of the two main actors in the development of SG 63 and SG 66, Johannes Scherzer and his colleague G\u00fcnther Gr\u00fcllich. Further development led to the SG66 in 1966, that was produced untill 1996. The first instruments appeared under the name Kurt Knoth. The Scherzer workshop in 1984 became part of the VEB Blechblas- und Signalinstrumentenfabrik (B&S). Scherzer used serial numbers as of 1965, then he used another system within PGH Sinfonia as of 1972 till 1992. Then the number system of VMI (now B&S) was used, Weller states. The price of a new one in brass was DM 2632.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Knoth SG63.jpg|<small>Rino Sinfonia Modell SG63 Meister Kurt Knoth Markneukirchen</small>\nFile:Knoth SG63 1.jpg\nFile:Kurth Knoth SG66.jpg|<small>Rino Modell SG66 Meister Kurt Knoth Markneukirchen</small>\nFile:Kurth Knoth SG66 1.jpg\n</gallery>\n\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  File:Rino Scherzer SG 66 21199 Strupis.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Rino Modell SG66 Meister Scherzer Markneukirchen serial nr. 21199 </small>\nFile:Scherzer 21201 SG66.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Rino Modell SG66 Meister Scherzer Markneukirchen serial nr. 21201</small>\nFile:Rino Modell SG 66 Meister J Scherzer Markneukirchen HUC.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Rino Modell SG 66 Meister J. Scherzer Markneukirchen serial nr. 21207, 1975</small>\nFile:Scherzer SG66 23313.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Scherzer SG66 serial nr. 23313</small>\n</gallery>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:J Scherzer Rino Markneukirchen SG66 1985 24340 (2).jpg|<small>B&S Meister J. Scherzer Rino SG66 serial nr. 24340, 1985 source: Ebay</small>\nFile:J Scherzer Rino Markneukirchen SG66 1985 24340.JPG\nFile:SG 66 B & S katalog.jpg|<small>SG 66 page in a B&S catalog</small>\n</gallery>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Scherzer 23864 SG 66.jpg\nFile:Scherzer 23864 SG 66 1.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Rino Sinfonia Meister J. Scherzer SG66 serial nr. 23864, ca 1972-1975 Markneukirchen</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Scherzer 26090 B&S Rino.jpg\nFile:Scherzer 26090 B&S Rino 1.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>B&S Rino Meister J. Scherzer SG66 serial nr. 26090, Markneukirchen</small>\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Scherzer 28005 SG66.jpg\nFile:Scherzer 28005 SG66 1.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Rino \u00ae Meister J. Scherzer SG66 serial nr. 28005 Markneukirchen</small>\n\n\nScherzer also designed an Eb alto model (a fifth below the Bb trumpet) a Bb tenor (an octave below the Bb trumpet) and a Bb bass model with the SG valve block. And then there was a special model in Bb/Eb. Although they have basically the same layout, these are not trumpets, but they are named 'fanfare'. They are used in a special type of German orchestras, the [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanfarenzug Fanfarenzug]. Scherzer had a Geschmacksmuster, a kind of design patent, registered on this design in GDR times, according to Mario Weller. That protected the design for three years from 1968.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Scherzer_21102_alt_Eb_trompet.jpg\nFile:Scherzer_21102_alt_Eb_trompet_1.jpg\nFile:Scherzer_21102_alt_Eb_trompet_2.jpg\n</gallery><small>Rino Eb alto trumpet/fanfare by Scherzer, from the Carl Zeiss Jena Fanfarenorchester, serial nr. 21102</small>\n\nAccording to Weller the reason for this design was not an esthetical or practical one but the desire to create a certain sound. Weller states that the idea came from Helmut R\u00f6mer, a musical director from Holzhausen, a place near Leipzig.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Scherzer Sinfonia fanfare in Bb.jpg|<small>fanfare in Bb Meister J. Scherzer, Sinfonia, Markneukirchen</small>\nFile:Scherzer 24294 SG66.jpg|<small>fanfare in Bb, Scherzer sr.nr. 24294, manufactured May 1985</small>\nFile:Scherzer 24294 SG66 1.JPG|<small>fanfare in Bb, Scherzer sr.nr. 24294</small>\n</gallery>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Scherzer fanfare in D 1974 MMUL.jpg\n</gallery><small> Scherzer fanfare in D, 1974, coll.: Museum f\u00fcr Musikinstrumente der Universit\u00e4t Leipzig</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:Scherzer Eb M.jpg|<small>Scherzer Eb fanfare, silver, coll. Mark and brass</small>\nFile:Scherzer Es marktde.jpg|<small>Eb fanfare Meister Scherzer Markneukirchen Rino Sinfonia source: Markt.de</small>\nFile:Scherzer Es marktde 1.jpg\nFile:Rino Scherzer 21162.jpg|<small>Rino Eb fanfare sr.nr. 21162</small>\nFile:Rino Scherzer 21162 1.jpg|<small>Rino Eb fanfare sr.nr. 21162, engraved Fanfarenorchester Carl Zeiss Jena</small>\nFile:Rino Sinfonia 21560 Eb 0.jpg|<small>Rino Sinfonia Eb fanfare sr. nr. 21560, source: ebay.de</small>\n</gallery>\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">   \nFile:J scherzer bastrompet1.jpg|<small>Meister J. Scherzer Markneukirchen Bb bass fanfare, source Ebay</small>       \nFile:J scherzer bastrompet3.JPG\nFile:Johannes Scherzer.jpg|<small> Johannes Scherzer, Markneukirchen in 1990</small>                                                   \n</gallery>\n\n==Hans Hoyer, Markneukirchen==\n\nAbout the same period this Hans Hoyer tarv Bb bell front horn. Hans Hoyer french horns are like the Scherzer instruments produced in Markneukirchen as a brand of the Buffet Group/B&S. But like the SG66 this one was made before the German reunification. It was probably made in the sixties, for use in light music, according to Mario Weller. He states that a 4 valve tarv horn from Hoyer is reported for the first time in 1970 (Bb with a fourth valve to F). Although from the same period, nothing is known about a connection between Hoyer and Scherzer at the time.\n[[File:Hans Hoyer hoorn.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Meister Hans Hoyer Bb horn, sold by Brassboulevard Hagenburg, Ebay Kleinanzeigen 2013</small>]]\n[[File:Hans Hoyer katalog.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Catalog page Meister Hans Hoyer Bb horn</small>]]\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Hoyer Bb horn 4RV piston action BF 1.jpg\nFile:Hoyer Bb horn 4RV piston action BF 2.jpg\nFile:Hoyer Bb horn 4RV piston action BF 3.jpg\nFile:Hoyer Bb horn 4RV piston action BF 4.jpg\nFile:Hoyer Bb horn 4RV piston action BF.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Meister Hans Hoyer 4 valve Bb/F horn, source: YorkmasterBBbfiles</small>\n\n==Maker unknown, 4 valve trumpet==\n\nThis is the place to list another trumpet, a double trumpet once belonging to former Boston Symphony Orchestra trumpeter Armando Ghitalla and now in the Stearns Collection of Musical Instruments, that is hosted by the University of Michigan's School of Music, Theatre & Dance in Ann Arbor, Michigan. \nThis experimental model utilizes three pistonlike valve buttons connected to double rotary valves. An additional\nvalve button redirects air flow to a second set of tubing that changes the trumpet's pitch from C to D.\nNo clue as to where it came from but the valve buttons strongly remind of the Scherzer and Hoyer ones. So for for now my wild guess is that it comes from either of them.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> File:Stearns Ghitalla.jpg</gallery><small>Four valve tarv trumpet in C and D, source: Stearns collection, Michigan</small>\n\n==Martin Peter, Markneukirchen==\n\n[http://www.peter-trompeten.de/geschichte.html| Martin Peter] (b. 1938) worked at the workshop of Kurt Knoth (later Johannes Scherzer) as of 1958 and from 1959 in the workshop of his father and uncle. Since 1964 he has his own workshop at Kirchsteig 5, Markneukirchen. As of 1960 he built for a short time top action rotary valve trumpets, parallel to those of Johannes Scherzer. Peter states that he made 'hardly more than a dozen', in some variants, for instance with the third slide inclined or cranked. Also one with a screw to pitch it in A. Peter also built a few cornets this way. The valveblocks came from PGH Sinfonia or, as an accomplished valveblock maker, Martin made some himself. His production was regulated through the Migma production cooperative that traded his instruments. So when they didn't order them, he stopped making them. Later on Peter mainly built double horns and as of 1970 he specialised in German rotary valve trumpets.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Martin Peter 1.jpg|<small>Martin Peter</small>\nFile:Martin Peter Heikki Moissio 1.jpg|<small>Martin Peter, coll Heikki Moisio, ca 1975</small>\nFile:Martin Peter 2022.jpg|<small> Martin Peter, with different valve buttons and pinky ring </small>\nFile:Martin Peter 2022 1.jpg\nFile:Martin Peter 2022 4.jpg\n</gallery>\n\n==Horst Voigt, Markneukirchen==\n\nHorst Voigt (1920 - 1994) from Markneukirchen was educated at A.K. Wunderlich's workshop and opened his own workshop in 1951. In 1953 his many years younger brother Helmut joined him. This looks like a three valve Bb piccolo trumpet.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Horst Voigt piccolo3.jpg\nFile:Horst Voigt piccolo.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Horst Voigt piccolo trumpet  source:  Ebay 2013</small>\n\n==A.K. Wunderlich, Markneukirchen ?==\n\nAn anonymous tarv trumpet that might be from the workshop of A.K. Wunderlich, as was discussed on [https://www.trompetenforum.de/TF/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=30868 Trompetenforum.de]. The engravings and the water keys would be the give aways. It's dated in or before the seventies. The mouthpiece (which might not belong to the instrument) is marked with a M (from Markneukirchen).\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:AKWunderlich.jpg\nFile:AKWunderlich 1.jpg\nFile:AKWunderlich 4.jpg\nFile:Rico 8.jpg\nFile:Rico 11.jpg\n</gallery>         \n<small>anonymous tarv, mouthpiece marked SONDER A M SCH KLASSE source Trompetenforum.de 2016</small>\n\n==Barth, Stuttgart, Germany==\n\nA tarv trumpet engraved 'Musikinstrumentenfabrik Barth, Stuttgart' was sold through Ebay in 2013.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Barth Musikinstrumentenfabrik Stuttgart.jpg\nFile:Barth Musikinstrumentenfabrik Stuttgart (2).jpg\nFile:Barth Musikinstrumentenfabrik Stuttgart (3).jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Musikinstrumentenfabrik Barth, Stuttgart source: Ebay</small>\n\nMusic shop Barth in Stuttgart took over the famous Schediwy workshop in nearby Ludwigsburg after the son and successor of Franz Schediwy (also called Franz) had died in the last months of WW II in France in 1944. As of 1972 the workshop was led by Norbert B\u00f6pple, who started his own workshop in Ditzingen when Barth in 1995 went out of business.\n\nThe valve guard of this trumpet has G.Sch on it. That might be an abbreviation of something like 'Gesetzlicher Schutz'. Before the end of WWII the German patent office (Reichspatentamt), used D.R.P. and D.R.G.M. abbreviations for their patents, the R referring to the Reich that ended in 1945. In 1945 the allied forces claimed all German patents. Only in 1949 the Deutches Patentamt restarted.\n\nA Barth Stuttgart 'Solist' trumpet was offered in 2014 on Ebay by New Jersey based brass instrument store Dillon Music.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Barth Stuttgart Dillon.jpg\nFile:Barth Stuttgart Dillon 2.jpg\nFile:Barth Stuttgart Dillon 3.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Barth Solist, coll. J. Aaron Bartos</small>\n\n==Karl Sum, Kirnbach, Germany==\n\nA Karl Sum tarv trumpet. Karl Sum Instr. Bau existed since 1948 and went out of business in 2013. Kirnbach is a small village near Freiburg, South Germany. Karl Sum, ca 1980\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Karl Sum INSTR. BAU KIRNBACH - WOLFACH.jpg\n</gallery>\n         \n==Arno Windisch, Dresden, Germany==\n\nArno Windisch was born on February 27th, 1921 in Klingenthal, close to Markneukirchen. After his education in 1954 he took over the F.A. Heckel workshop in Dresden, founded in 1836, the former \"K\u00f6niglich-S\u00e4chsischen Hofinstrumentenmachers\". Besides instrument repair he specialised in building trumpets in all pitches. His instruments were exported to Japan, Austria, Danmark, Finland, Poland and the USA. In 1996 Arno Windisch handed over the workshop to Berndt C. Meyer, who continues it as \"Metallblasinstrumentenbau F. A. Heckel\". Windisch died July 13th 2010 in Dresden. According to Elmar Eggerer, Windisch obtained a patent for this design, but I have to find prove of that.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Arno Windisch 2.jpg\nFile:Arno Windisch 3.jpg\nFile:Windisch 2013 0.jpg\nFile:Windisch 2013 8.JPG\n</gallery>\n<small>Arno Windisch Instrumentenbaumeister Dresden, source Ebay 2013</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Arno Windisch Dresden 1.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Arno Windisch, coll. Knatterbock</small>\n</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Arno Windisch 2019.jpg\nFile:Arno Windisch 2019 1.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Arno Windisch, source: Ebay.de 2019</small>\n\nAccording to Windisch, this model was especially built for dance musicians in the People's Army (Nationalen Volksarmee) of the DDR.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Arno Windisch formatiert 476x300.jpg|<small>Arno Windisch</small>\n</gallery>\n  \nThe tarv below is marked M B Dresden (barely noticable on the shield) and was offered on Ebay.de in 2024. According to the seller the M B refers to Bernd Meyer, who took over the Windisch shop in 1996. He estimates the age at 40-50 years, which would be inconsistent with the take over date.\nThe instrument also has different details i.c. the pipes around the rods and the braces.\n<gallery>File:M B tarv.jpg\nFile:M B tarv 1.jpg\n</gallery><small>M B Dresden tarv trumpet, source Ebay.de 2024</small>\n\nTwo other trumpets sold through Ebay that were stated to be marked 'D W Dresden' and 'M B Dresden' have a quite similar outlook.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:DW Dresden1.jpg|<small> DW Dresden, source Ebay 2011</small>\nFile:M B Dresden (2).jpg|<small>M B Dresden, sold on Ebay 2010 </small>\nFile:M B Dresden (3).jpg\n</gallery>\n         \nAccording to Mario Weller from Markneukirchen tarv trumpets were also made bij Josef Just (P\u0159erov, Czech Republic) and Adalbert Ott (Leipzig, a pupil of Robert Schopper), but there's no further evidence.\n\n==Sovjet Union / Ukraine==\n\nSovjet top action rotary valve trumpets and cornets are quite regularly offered on Ebay and other sites. They are mostly dated between 1973 and 1986. They are engraved with a trade mark that looks like a trumpet and cyrillic lettering and numbers and are all very similar. They have valve top inlays with al kinds of different colors, green, red, yellow, orange. Maybe these instruments were used by Sovjet garnizons in the former Eastern bloc states and came to the market after the fall of communism. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uiIe6ijn4D0 Here] Trent Hamilton reviews an example of these instruments.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Russisch3.jpg\nFile:Russisch1 small.jpg\nFile:Russisch2 small.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>1973, source Ebay</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Russisch 1.jpg\nFile:Russisch 3 small.jpg\n</gallery>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">  \nFile:Russian Cornet 1972 Serial number might be N 147 Sid Glickman.jpg\nFile:Russische cornet N 3180.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>cornet N 147 1972 coll Sid Glickman</small>\n\nThe trade mark on these trumpets, a kind of a styled trumpet/instrument, is also found on clarinets, one is traced back to the Orpheus factory in Kiev (Ukraine) that appears to be shut down in the nineties.\n    \n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Kiev clarinet logo.jpg\nFile:Kiev clarinet stamp.jpg\n</gallery>\n\n==='MJH Kessels, Tilburg'===\n\nOn an Austrian auction site in 2015 a tarv-cornet was offered with the name of M.J.H. Kessels Tilburg on it. Kessels was a Dutch instrument maker that ceased production in 1955. The seller acquired the instrument from the workshop of Robert Engel in the Vienna Koppstrasse 94. Robert Engel was a well known maker of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xy1452ro-lY| french horns]. He left the workshop in 1998. The shape of the bell closely resembles that of the Schagerl Gansch horn (see below). The instrument itself in my opinion is one of those russian made tarv cornets above. My hypothesis is, that Engel or one of his co-workers made the instrument in the nineties out of an old cornet and some other parts. When asked, the Kessels museum in Tilburg states that the instrument doesn't fit into the Kessels history, that they can't find any reference and that it looks too new.\n    \n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:MJH Kessels 1.jpg\nFile:MJH Kessels.jpg\nFile:MJH Kessels 2.jpg\n</gallery>   \n<small>'M. J. H. Kessels Tilburg', source Willhaben.t 2015</small>\n\nA similar instrument is this trumpet that has Musikhaus Thomann on the bell. For the rest it's identical to the russian tarv trumpets so I guess this one has a bell from a Thomann trumpet added to a russian instrument(mark the difference in color).\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Musikhaus Thomann.jpg\nFile:Musikhaus Thomann 1.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Musikhaus Thomann, source ebay.de 2017</small>\n\n==Bernie Marston, US==\n[[File:Bernie Marston prototype.jpg|thumb|center|<small>source: rouses.net</small>]]\n\nBernie Marston from California made this tarv in about 1956. Marston Mechanical Specialties Co made all of the rotary valves for the french horns of the F.E. Olds company in Los Angeles and later Fullerton from 1949 until about 1962. This is a prototype. Olds was never serious about producing such a trumpet, but Bernie was a French horn player and fancied rotary valves.\n\n==Sax shaped tarv trumpet==\n\nThis sax shaped tarv trumpet is a very rare bird. It has no makers name and is in the [http://www.collezionespada.it/ collection of Francesco Spada]. There are quite a lot of sax shaped trumpets, most of them branded Normaphon but almost none with rotary valves. And then, it's valve block is different from all other tarv trumpets in that it has the springs 'behind' instead of next to each other.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Spada (6).jpg\nFile:Spada (13).jpg\n\n</gallery>\n         \n      coll.: Francesco Spada, It\n\n=21st Century tarv trumpets=   \n\n==Schagerl, Mank, Austria==\n\nIn recent days Austria based Schagerl and other instrument makers looking for novelties and niche markets offer tarv trumpets. The \"Gansch-horn\" started as a joke, more or less. It was made for and with Thomas Gansch (the much younger brother of Hans Gansch, and a friend of the Schagerls). Because of the huge interest Schagerl first made a small series that was sold out in no time. So now they part of the normal production and still selling. There are different versions, the Vienna, H\u00f6rsdorf and H\u00f6rsdorf Heavy and also a flugelhorn version called \"Killer Queen'. There is one big difference between the Gansch horn (and some of the other recent instruments) and most of the tarv trumpets from the last century: the Gansch horn has the leadpipe directly going into the valveblock, like German style rotary trumpets. Most of the other tarv trumpets have the leadpipe entering the third valve, like other perinet style trumpets. \n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:SchagerlGanschHorn.jpg|<small>[http://schagerl.com/Gansch-Horn/Menu-ID-88.html/ Schagerl] Gansch horn </small>\nFile:Schagerl.jpg|<small>Schagerl Killer Queen flugelhorn</small>\nFile:Schagerl Raven.jpg|<small>Schagerl [http://www.jamesmorrison.com/James_Morrison/Blog/Entries/2011/7/9_The_Schagerl_Raven.html/ Raven] trumpet</small> \nFile:Schagerl Spyder.JPG|<small>Schagerl Spyder trumpet</small>  \n</gallery>\n              \nTrumpeter James Morrison calls it '[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHdsu4h0Gww&feature=youtu.be&t=2m57s/a new idea]', explaining the top action rotary valve trumpet, built for him by Robert Schagerl.     \n\nMorrison [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCK3oA9sKsc/ plays a Firebird] in this 1983 take of Night in Tunesia\n\n==George Schlub, Singapore==\n\nGeorge Schlub is an American instrument maker who lives in Singapore. He was inspired by the Schagerl horns, he says.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:George Schlub.jpg|<small>[http://www.schlubbrassworks.com/ Georg Schlub], Singapore Inferno flugelhorn</small>\nFile:Schlub Damar 4 valve Flugelhorn.jpg|<small>Schlub Damar 4 valve flugelhorn</small>\nFile:Schlub cornet.jpg|<small>Georg Schlub cornet</small> \nFile:Schlub Austin Power Horn.jpg|<small>Schlub 'Austin Power Horn' trumpet 2011 (source Ebay 2014)</small>\nFile:Schlub Damar Eb Soprano trumpet.jpg|<small>Schlub Damar Eb Soprano trumpet</small>\nFile:Schlub Dale Chapman.jpg|<small>Schlub lead trumpet, raw brass, 3rd valve left hand thumb plunger, 2013-2014  coll Dale Chapman</small>)\n</gallery>\n           \nSchlub says that the cornet was inspired by the American rotary valve cornets from the mid-19th century. He uses modern valves made in Germany, bell and leadpipe dimensions are modern ('and a bit different'). The Austin Power Horn was built for Boston-based trumpeter Trent Austin. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrkVRzy9MiE/ This video] shows the making of the Austin. \n\n[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YClpnHHXZ-E/ In this video] Lertkiat Chingjiratra, principal trumpet of the Bangkok Symphony Orchestra and George Schlub test out these instruments. Bostonian [http://www.jondante.com//Jon Dante], principal trumpet of the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra plays on the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bWUBEtshCg/Schlub Inferno trumpet].\n  \n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Schlub C trompet.jpg|<small>Schlub C trumpet, (source Ebay sept 2014)</small>  \nFile:Schlub Kuhlo interpretation.jpg|<small>Schlub's interpretation of Ernst David tarv horn (source [https://www.facebook.com/Schlubbrassworks/Schlub Brassworks Facebook)]</small>\n</gallery>\n\nSchlub also has a piccolo Bb/A trumpet that was built by [http://zirnbauer.de/Bernard Zirnbauer], a valve maker 100 km from Munich, Germany, who also makes valves for Schagerl.\n\n[[File:Zirnbauer Piccolo Trumpet.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Bernard Zirnbauer piccolo trumpet</small>]]\n\nThe instrument was discussed on [https://www.trumpetherald.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=106036/ Trumpetherald] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXchqHgD-Fc&feature=youtu.be/ Schlub plays it here]\n\nThe [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebird_(trumpet)/ Firebird] is a type of trumpet with the standard three valves and the addition of a trombone-style slide. It was invented by Maynard Ferguson and Larry Ramirez and occasionally made by Holton. George Schlub made a prototype with top action rotary valves in 2011 that's [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVdDa5Khj4g/ played here by Rajesh Mehta] in Singapore.\n\n[[File:Firebird valve slide trumpet.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Schlub Brass Works Firebird slide/valve trumpet</small>]]\n     \n==L\u00f6bner, Possegger, Jest\u00e4dt, L\u00e4tsch, Votruba, Oberrauch, Spada, Taylor==\n\nL\u00f6bner, Possegger, Jest\u00e4dt, L\u00e4tsch, Votruba, Oberrauch, Spada and Taylor are other makers in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy and the UK offering tarv trumpets and flugelhorns. Again there's the difference between trumpets with the layout of a regular piston valve trumpet and trumpets/flugelhorns with the layout of the regular rotary valve instrument, the leadpipe hitting the first valve.  \n\nFrieder G. L\u00f6bner began his apprenticeship as brass instrument maker with master Alfred Eckensberger in Roehrsdorf near Chemnitz in 1978. After his apprenticesship and journeymanship Loebner got self-employed with his own workshop in Bautzen, Germany.  In 1986 he could pass the examination for the master craftsman\u2019s diploma in Markneukirchen with Martin Peter. After the German reunification in 1990 he could open his own music store. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_Jf96Nkw6A&feature=player_embedded/ L\u00f6bner video]\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:L\u00f6bner Light.jpg|<small>[https://www.musikhaus-loebner.de/instrumente#&gid=1858936667&pid=5/ Frieder G. L\u00f6bner Bautzen] (east of Dresden), Germany model 'Light'</small>\nFile:L\u00f6bner Handycap.jpg|<small>L\u00f6bner model Handycap, playable with one hand, for people with a handicap</small>\n</gallery>\n         \nAnton Possegger from Millstatt am See in Austria builds a lot of vertical trumpets, flugelhorns (Flupy), piccolo trumpets.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Possegger.jpg|<small>[https://www.musik-possegger.at/trompeten--trumpet/trompeten-trumpet/vertikal.html/ Anton Possegger] Millstatt am See, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_Jf96Nkw6A&feature=player_embedded/Austria  Possegger video]</small>\nFile:Possegger Tricky.jpg|<small>Possegger model Tricky, with triangular valve block</small>)\n</gallery>\n  \n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Votruba Meinlschmidt maschine.jpg|thumb|center|<small>[https://www.votruba-musik.at/musik/index.asp?m_id=121/ Votruba] Vienna, Austria, Bb trumpet with Meinlschmidt  valve block</small>\nFile:Votruba Zirnbauer maschine.jpg|<small>Votruba trumpet with Zirnbauer valve block</small>\nFile:Votruba Bb fluegelhorn.jpg|<small>Votruba Bb flugelhorn with Zirnbauer valves</small>\nFile:Beck Dettinger Brezel 2.jpg|<small>[http://www.musikbeck.de/ Musikhaus Beck] Dettingen Germany tarv shaped like a Dettinger pretzel</small>\nFile:Latzsch tubenet Gronitz.jpg|<small>[https://www.theworldoftrombones.com/deutsch/index.php/#/home/ Herbert L\u00e4tzsch Bremen], Germany (source: Tubenet 2009)</small>\nFile:Jestadt bastrompet.jpg|<small>Bernd Jest\u00e4dt Bimbach, Germany, bass trumpet [http://jestaedt-instrumente.de/?grid_products=modell-78-basstrompete-attila/ model 78 'Attila']</small>\nFile:Jestadt flugelhorn erlkonig -2 .jpg|<small>[http://jestaedt-instrumente.de/ Bernd Jest\u00e4dt Bimbach], Germany, flugelhorn model 'Erlk\u00f6nig'</small>\nFile:Hermann Schmidt 1.jpg|<small>[https://www.hsm-brass.de/uns.html/ Hermann Schmidt Markneukirchen], Germany source: Ebay, 2013</small>\nFile:Peter Oberrauch flugel.jpg|<small>[http://www.oberrauchkg.com/dt/fluegelhorn-pll.php/ Peter Oberrauch Eppan], Italy, flugelhorn model  'PLL'</small>\nFile:Peter Oberrauch trompet 0.jpg|<small>[http://www.oberrauchkg.com/dt/fluegelhorn-pll.php/ Peter Oberrauch Eppan], Italy, trumpet</small>\nFile:Taylor.jpg|<small>[http://www.taylortrumpets.com/home.html/ Andy Taylor Norwich], United Kingdom, trumpet</small>     \nFile:Taylor 769 Posh.jpg|<small> Taylor Posh trumpet sr.nr 769 Zirnbauer valves, made for Gregory Davis, Ebay 2014</small>\nFile:Petersik vertikaltrompete.jpg|<small>[http://www.petersik-instruments.com/deutsch/instrumente/vertikaltrompete// Felix Petersik Lienz], Austria, who worked with Taylor, made this custom trumpet</small>\nFile:Spada.jpg|<small>A flugelhorn with vertical rotary valves by [http://spadamusic.ch/content/default.asp?txtParentID=0&txtCatID=1/ Spada], Burgdorf, Switzerland</small>\n</gallery>\n\n===More makers===\n====Willenberg====\n[http://www.willenberg-trompeten.de/hoch_b_a.htm/Bernard Willenberg] in Markneukirchen offers a piccolo trumpet in Bb/A with top action rotary valves. He calls the model DAH, Dreh-Achse Horizontal (which is another way in German to say tarv). The advantages he mentions: the instrument remains more quietly in it's position than a side action rotary valve instrument. That might result in a better lip-mouthpiece connection, to be noticed when playing fast notes and trills. While keeping the sound of the German rotary valve piccolo.\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Bernard Willenberg piccolo.jpg|<small>Bernard Willenberg DAH piccolo trumpet in Bb/A</small>\n</gallery>\n====Lechner====\n\nAnother tarv-piccolo trumpet by Martin Lechner from Bishopshofen in Austria. Early 2000's.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Lechner piccolo willhaben.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Lechner Bb piccolo trumpet source: Willhaben.at 2015</small>]]\n</gallery>\n\n====Christoph Endres====\n\nChristoph Endres from N\u00fcrnberg makes the Kellerhorn, designed in co\u00f6peration with Stefan Schalanda. \n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Christian Endres.jpg|<small>Kellerhorn Endres</small>\n</gallery>\n\n====Weimann====\nAlexander Weimann from Trompetenbau Weimann in Kapellendorf (GE) made this one on request.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Weimann.jpg|<small>Weimann source: Facebook</small>\n</gallery>\n\n====Krinner====\n\nBavarian instrumentmaker [https://krinner-instrumentenbau.jimdo.com/blasinstrument/blechbixn-signature-edition/| Krinner] in Bavarian village of Gai\u00dfach  designed a trumpet and a flugelhorn endorsed by members of the Blechbixn band. \n<gallery>\nFile:Krinner flugelhorn Tine.jpg\n</gallery><small>Blechbixn flugelhorn 'Tine'</small>\n\n====Robinson====\nDaniel Robinson, a instrumentmaker in Somerset, Great Britain, in 2013 built a tarv trumpet using a Meinlschmidt valve block. The handmade slides are 11.5mm bore. It has a solid sterling silver leadpipe, gold brass tuning crook and a gold brass bell.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Daniel Robinson 1.jpg|<small> Daniel Robinson, coll. Matthew Lush GB</small>\n</gallery>\n\n====Duxipete/Duxhorn====\n\nIn 2014 Dr. Helmut Dux, a retired engineer near Bremen, designed a variation of a German trumpet from the viewpoint of an engineer. His local instrument maker, Ingo M\u00fcller at Kromat-Brass in Wilstedt near Bremen built the instrument. Basis was the complete design of their 'normal' German trumpet in Bb. The parts of this trumpet have only been rearranged to the construction Dux designed, to maintain the acoustical properties as far as possible. The design of Dux 'was directed to build a compact trumpet with ease of handling and to eliminate the difference in air flow /resistance when using any valve as far as technically possible'. The resulting instrument really plays like a German trumpet with a tendency to sound a little bit darker than the original design, according to Dux.\n\n[[File:Duxipete.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Duxipete, coll: Helmut Dux, GE</small>]]\n\nLater on Mr. Dux developed the concept to a modular set of Bb instruments, and called it 'Duxhorn'.\nThe main feature is an improved TARV block with (simplified) valves and a trigger.\nLeadpipe and the bell part are interchangable, making it possible to change from a trumpet to a flugelhorn to a cornet set up. Tuning is done with the leadpipe.\n<gallery>File:duxhorn modules.jpg|<small>The intercheangeable Duxhorn parts</small>\n</gallery>\n\nThere are compatible versions with 3 and 4 valves. The 4-valve version has complex trigger-tuning to be used in the range between the\nfundamental tone Bb up to the fifth F as reached with the 4th (fourth) valve. This works fine with big bells and gives the\nadditional possibility to play in the low register.\n<gallery>\nFile:Duxhorn 3 valve block.jpg|<small>The 3 valve block of the Duxhorn</small>\nFile:Duxhorn 3 valve.jpg \nFile:Duxhorn 4 valve block.jpg|<small>The valve block of the Duxhorn with added trigger</small>\nFile:Duxhorn 1.jpg\n</gallery>\n\n\"The main purpose was to show, that one can build instruments on a more ergonomic basis and more modularity without loosing sound and tuning quality. That goal was achieved,\", thus Mr. Dux. \"Commercially it will not be a success, I think the main reason is the lower cost of and familiarness with common instruments.\" The concept nevertheless is open to everyone to copy and produce it \"and I would be pleased if the name Duxhorn will be used.\"\n\nIn an article in German, Dux explains his project more in detail.\n\n<pdf width=\"100\" height=\"60\">File:DuxHornArtikel.pdf</pdf>\n\n====MG Custom Brass====\n\nIn 2016 Mark Geelen from [http://www.koperblaasreparatie.nl//MG Custom Brass] in Wijk bij Duurstede (NL) designed a new tarv trumpet that he named Twister.\n\n[[File:MG Twister 0.jpg|thumb|center|<small>MG Twister</small>]]\n\nIt's named Twister not only because the bell has the traditional curve to make the valve block accessible but mainly because through it's configuration the bell point a little aside. The Twister has,  unlike the Ganschhorn and it's copies the valve stems at the left side of the valve block which makes it more comfortable to hold. The valve block is made in Germany.\n\nIn 2021 he brought another tarv to the market, named Surakav. Geelen explains: \"It is a hybrid instrument on which you can play trumpet, but also cornet and (almost) flugelhorn. We call that flugelcore. You can switch by using the different custom-made, complex lead pipes. It works exceptionally well.\" The instrument is called the \u201cSurakav\u201d and is named after the only bird in the world that can change color.\nIt is used by professional classical players, by jazz players and people who play bohemian music, thus Mark.\n\n<gallery>\nFile:Surakav.jpg|thumb|center|<small>The Surakav, with different leadpipes</small>\nFile:Surakav 1.jpg|thumb|center|<small>The Surakav</small>\n</gallery>\n\n====Nico van der Pot====\n\n[[File:Nico 1.jpg|thumb|center|<small>tarv trumpet, source: Marktplaats.nl 2018</small>]]\n\nA project horn made by Nico van der Pot from 's Gravesande in the Netherlands. He used a TS trumpet, bought bij TS-Ideen, a German webshop managed by Thomas St\u00fchmer and based in Hamburg. The trumpet is probably of Chinese origen. For the bridge parts of an old French horn were used. He made this trumpet because he couldn't get used to the horizontal valve system. He sold the trumpet after he bought a Lobner vertical jazz trumpet.\n\n===Meinlschmidt===\n\nWhen not built by Zirnbauer, many of the new tarv valve blocks are built by [http://www.jm-gmbh.de/html/meinlschmidt_fluegelhorn_tromp.html/ J.Meinlschmidt Gmbh], in Geretsried, south of M\u00fcnchen, Germany. Meinlschmidt, originally from Graslitz in Czechia, was expelled after WWII and restarted in Mainz-Marienborn and went in 1953 to Geretsried. The company is specialized in rotary valves.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\"> \nFile:Meinlschmidt tarv block 1.jpg\nFile:Meinlschmidt tarv block 2.jpg|top action valve blocks from Meinlschmidt\n</gallery>\n\nAnd here's an extensive discussion from 2015 on the [http://www.trumpetmaster.com/vb/f131/rotary-trumpet-idea-81484.html/ Trumpetmaster forum] about designing a new tarv trumpet. Inspired by the wish to have an instrument that can be played left andt righthanded, Gordon K. Furr came up with a very narrow built trumpet. That has to be built yet...\n\n===Top action rotary valve makers in Europe===\n\nThe locations of the above makers of tarv trumpets presented in a Google map. It shows how they concentrate in the southern part of what's now Germany and in the Czech Republik. In blue the 19th and 20th century makers, in red the recently active ones. \n\n(NOTE: INSERT GOOGLE MAPS WIDGET HERE) Google map, zoom in or out\n \n===More info===\n\nIf you have any more information about top action rotary valve trumpets, or have comments, corrections, suggestions or picture submissions, if you feel any content is in violation of copyright, or for information regarding this site's content, please [mailto:gerard@jazzophon.com/ contact me]\n\n===Some more anonymous tarv trumpets===\n              \n[[File:Han Savelkoel 1.jpg|thumb|center|<small>anonymous tarv trumpet, coll. Han Savelkoel Netherlands</small>]]\n[[File:Antike Trompete Mit Koffer Ohne Mundst\u00fcck UM 1930 5.jpg|thumb|center|<small>anonymous tarv trumpet, 1930's sold through Ebay from Crimmitschau Germany, 2014</small>]]\n[[File:Uwe Ziegner.jpg|thumb|center|<small>anonymous tarv trumpet, typically bent leadpipe, thumbring for playing with one hand, offered on Ebay by seller near Chemnitz Germany 2014</small>]]\n[[File:Flugelhorn Wiggerl.jpg|thumb|center|<small>anonymous tarv flugelhorn in Bb, ca 2013 handmade one off, sold through Ebay |Hofheim Germany 2014</small>]]\n[[File:No name side mounted.jpg|thumb|center|<small>anonymous tarv trumpet offered on Ebay.com in 2015 by Dillon Music Woodbridge New Jersey, US\n</small>]]\n[[File:Aida tarv 6.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Anonymous Aida tarv trumpet, 133 cm length, offered on Ebay.de in 2018 by tollerhecht58.</small>]]\n[[File:Trubka aukro 2018 01.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Anonymous tarv trumpet (that is: not known if there's a makers name to it), offered for sale at Aukro.cz in 2018 by seller Prodejce kostel121 from Dlouh\u00e1 T\u0159ebov\u00e1, some 60 km South East of Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, CZ.</small>]]\n[[File:No name Argenbuhl.jpg|thumb|center|<small>anonymous tarv offered on Facebook 2023 by a seller from Argenb\u00fchl, Baden Wurtemberg, Germany\n</small>]]\n<gallery>File:Tarv DR.jpg\nFile:Tarv DR 1.jpg\nFile:Tarv DR 2.jpg</gallery><small>Anonymous tarv trumpet, offered for sale on FB by a seller from Kreuztal, Germany. Bore 11,3 mm, bell \u00d8 12 cm, seller suggest it's from Markneukirchen/Germany</small>\n\n<gallery>\nFile:No name tarv gmu6 2024 2.jpg\nFile:No name tarv gmu6 2024 2.jpg\nFile:No name tarv gmu6 2024 2.jpg\n</gallery>\n<small>Anonymous tarv trumpet offered for sale by g.mu6 at Ebay.de in 2024.No makers name, interesting bows in the main piping.</small>\n\n===Sources===\n\n[https://www.trompetenforum.de/TF/ www.trompetenforum.de]\n\n[https://www.trumpetherald.com/ www.trumpetherald.com]\n\n[http://www.trumpetmaster.com/ www.trumpetmaster.com]\n\n[https://www.horn-u-copia.net/ www.horn-u-copia.net]\n\n[http://www.museum-markneukirchen.de/forum/viewforum.php?f=13&sid=e50777af9b27ac8e62e11a5dce61c5b1/ www.museum-markneukirchen.de]\n\n[https://www.ebay.de/ www.ebay.de]"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "874": {
                "pageid": 874,
                "ns": 0,
                "title": "Zobo and Songophone",
                "revisions": [
                    {
                        "contentformat": "text/x-wiki",
                        "contentmodel": "wikitext",
                        "*": "The Zobo dates from the end of the 19th century. Under the Zobo brand W.H. Frost in New York marketed a whole line of brass kazoo's from 1895 onwards. On Januar 7th, 1896 he had the patent registered. Besides the saxophone there was also a cornet, a trombone and a tuba model. A set of 4 listed for $8,25 and made musical instruments affordable. Some years later, in 1900, Louis N. Crakow patented the Songophone, an almost identical instrument. Crakow first dealt in Zobo's together with Frost. The Songophone was also traded as Sonophone.\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Zobo2.jpg\nFile:Zobo1.jpg\nFile:Zobo trombone.jpg\nFile:Zobo saxaphone.JPG\nFile:Zobo midget.jpg\nFile:Zobo dec 2018 0.jpg\nFile:Zobo Cornetto No 102 in Box.JPG\nFile:Zobo 6.5 inch.JPG\nFile:Ukelelenclub.jpg\nFile:Harmonophone.jpg\n</gallery>\n\n=The history of the Zobo as told by the coverage in the Music Trade Review (and some other sources)=\n\n==1895 - 1900==\n\nMusic Trade Review 1895, 21-15-04 The Zobo\n\nTHE MOST POPULAR LITTLE INSTRUMENT NOW BEFORE THE TRADE.\n\n<small>''The Zobo is the name of a fascinating little musical instrument which is just now taking the country by storm. It is the invention of W. H. Frost, the inventor of the Kazoo, which was tremendously popular some years ago. The Zobo is a marked improvement on the Kazoo, however, arid an idea of its popularity can be gleaned from the fact that over four hundred thousand Zobos and Zobo Cornet and Cornetos are now in use, although the invention is but a few months old. Anyone can play the Zobo, no instruction being necessary. You sing into it and get any effect desired. For home amusement, church or society entertainments, street parades, \"high old times \"for dancing, quartettes, solos, or for bands and orchestras, it cannot be excelled. The Zobo has become such a popular favorite that Mr. Frost has gotten out a line of Zobo brass band instruments, embracing the cornet, alto cornet, saxaphone, bass horn and piccolo. The principle of the Zobo is novel but simple, and, like all successful inventions, the wonder is that some one did not think o- it before. The voice is transformed into a reed instrument by the resonant diaphragm, and having per formed its work in producing the tone, the voice is lost through the vent provided for that purpose, while the resonance of the diaphragm is given volume and intonation by the instrument to which it is attached, and its material, construction and size determines the quality and intonation of the complete instrument. By the use of the Zobo instruments it is thus possible to reproduce all the brasses and reeds of a brass band, making it possible to organize whole bands and orchestras. Moreover, although the Zobo brass instruments are of solid brass, highly polished and lacquered, Mr. Frost has put them on the market at surprisingly low figures, the retail price of a full Brass Quartette, embracing cornet, alto cornet, saxaphone and brass horn, being only $8.25.''\n\n''Quartettes and glee clubs will be especially interested in these instruments, while we shall expect to see every campaign club of 1896 marching to the stirring strains of its  own Zobo Brass Band. One of the interesting uses of the Zobo is the \"Zobo Patriotic Drill,\" originated by the Sisters of Mercy in charge of St. Anne's Academy, at Fort Smith, Ark., and given with great success at their closing exercises of June 21st, 1895. The Fort Smith Times says of it: \"The hit of the day then followed, the Zobo drill. The Zobo is a new instrument to Fort Smith, and its effect is novel and charming. It is worth going a long way to see. There was marching and singing the Red, White and Blue and other popular airs. Flags floated and patriotism was at fever heat and on dress parade.\"Mr. Frost was so impressed with this feature that he gives full instructions for its production in the directions which go with every instrument. We take pleasure in printing a sketch of this very entertaining drill, which is only one of the many novel arrangements possible. The leading jobbers in New York, Chicago, Boston and all the important music trade centers are handling the Zobo. The Zobo is one of the best things in its line before  the trade to-day. It is sold at such a price that it leaves a satisfactory margin of profit to the dealer. It will undoubtedly make Mr. Frost a wealthy man, and he deserves it. Dealers should order a trial lot of their jobber, and not forget to ask for the very attractive window display which seems to multiply the sales amazingly. Mr. Frost is always glad to see any of the trade at his establishment at 35 Frankfort street, and is always pleased to receive inquiries.</small>''\n\nMusic Trade Review 1895-21-20-11 (Dec 7th 1895)\nTHE ZOBO IN CONCERT \n\n<small>''THAT popular instrument, the Zobo, is becoming a huge favorite everywhere. W. H. Frost, the manufacturer, is experiencing quite a boom in trade these days, owing to the approach of the holidays. By the way, the Zobo brass band instruments will be used at the grand concert to be given in the Emmanuel Baptist Church, Suffolk street, near Grand, on next Wednesday evening, Dec. nth.''</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1895-21-21-03 (Dec 14th 1895)\n\n<small>''THE Zobo is the talk of the country. This fascinating little musical instrument is selling like the proverbial \"hot cakes.\" It is proving one of the greatest holiday novelties on the market. Over half a million Zobos, Zobo cornets and cornetos are now in use, both for home amusement, church and society entertainments, parades, bands and orchestras; in fact, they have become such a popular favorite that Mr. Frost, the inventor, has all he can do to supply the demands of the trade.\n\n''The great success of the Zobo is attributable to the fact that any one can play it; no instruction being necessary. You simply sing into it and get any effect you desire. For instance, in the Zobo brass band instruments, which embrace the cornet, alto cornet, saxaphone, bass horn and piccolo, the voice is transformed into a reed or brass instrument, thus making it possible to organize whole bands and orchestras. The Zobo is sold at a popular price, and a full brass quartet can be purchased for $8.25.\n\n''One important fact should be borne in mind, namely, that the Zobo is not a novelty, just made for the holidays. It is here to stay, and it is bound to grow in popularity month after month. Dealers will find as great a demand for this instrument in the spring as at present, and during the Presidential campaign of '96 we will be surprised if the Zobo is not used by every campaign club in the country. Hence dealers will readily recognize that it is a staple instrument, not for the day, but for all time.\n\n''Dealers who have not yet ordered a trial lot of Zobos should do so at once through their jobber or directly from Mr. Frost, the inventor and manufacturer, at his establishment, 35 Frankfort street, this city. A very attractive window display, which seems to multiply the sales amazingly, is furnished with every order. The Zobos are sold at a price that leaves a satisfactory margin of profit to the dealer. We would not be surprised to see Zobo bands, uniformed and equipped as shown in the illustration herewith, in every country town and city before long. For clubs and home amusement the Zobo cannot be duplicated. It possesses a value peculiar to itself. A little \"push\" and the dealer has a \"big thing\" when he handles the Zobo. It is worth looking up at once.</small>''\n\n[[File:Zobo MTR 1895 21 21 03.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Image from the Music Trade Review</small>]]\n\nMusic Trade Review 1895-21-22 (Dec 21st 1895)\n\n<small>''AT a concert and cantata given by the Emmanuel Baptist Church in this city last week, the Zobo was used. The World has the following to say in this connection: \"In the last chorus of the cantata a fine effect was produced by the use of brass Zobos. With these instruments the young people produced a very good imitation of a brass band accompaniment.\"</small>''\n\nMusic Trade Review 1895-21-23-06\n\n<small>''W. H. FROST, of Zobo fame, is on a two weeks' business trip to Chicago.</small>\n\nCatalogue of A.E. Benary\n\n<small>''In a catalogue of A.E. Benary, New York from 1895 the zobo is mentioned already [Catalog. NY, NY: A. E. Benary; 1895], 286 p. Cloth binding. Successor to Henry Benary's Sons, Importer and Manufacturer of Musical Instruments, Strings, 62 White Street, New York 1895. Retail catalog featuring: violins (including parts and cases),  contra bass, trombone, cymbals, cymbal bags, bicycle bugle, cavalry trumpets, xylophones, tubephones, door harps, metallophones, zobos, zobo cornettos, etc.</small>\n\nMusic Trades 1984 Volume 132, Numbers 7-12\n\n<small>''Zobo Bands Are Forming All Over the Country It is likely that 100 Zobo bands will do service during the coming presidential campaign. Mr. WH Frost, the inventor and sole proprietor of this unique musical instrument, finds that it is growing more popular every day. A considerable number of Zobo bands have been organized in New York and Brooklyn and the surrounding towns. The Zobo Bicycle Band of the Gormully and Jeffery Co. made a decided hit in the recent bicycle parade. Nearly every newspaper in New York gave the band a complimentary notice. The Evening Telegram said, \"The white uniform Wheelman's band, the first on record by the way, of the Gormully & Jeffery Company received a great ovation as thev swept up past headquarters to take their place in line.\u201dm Zobo\u2026</small>\n\n1895 The American Stationer volume 38\n\n<small>''Ashtabula, Ohio asks for the address of the makers of the Zobo. Answer: W.F. Frost 858 Dearborn Street Chicago 1896 Januar 7th the Zobo patent was registered: [http://kazoologist.org/1896__US552612.pdf/ US 552612].</small>\n\n<small>''WARREN HERBERT FROST, son of Edward J. and Elizabeth, married Mattie Josephine Orcutt. His second wife was Mae Etta Orcutt. Residence, Chicago, where his only child, son by first wife, Herbert Earl, was born Nov.17, 1890, and died in 1893. (Frost genealogy in five families).</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-22-1-11 (Jan 25th 1896), Zobo patent granted\n\n[[File:Zobo patent granted.jpg]]\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-22-2-13 (Feb 1st 1896), More Light on the Zobo Patent.\n\n<small>''More Light on the Zobo Patent.\n\n''THE RESONANT DIAPHRAGM NOT SIMILAR TO THE PHONOGRAPH.\n\n''IN a conversation with W. H. Frost of Zobo fame, 35 Frankfort street, about the patent granted him on the Zobo by the authorities at Washington, which appeared in last week's issue, that gentleman was made to say that the delay in granting same was caused chiefly by the similarity of the resonant diaphragm used in the Zobo with that of the phonograph, etc. This would lead the reader to believe that there was a similarity between the two diaphragms, whereas the fact is, the diaphragms are of a directly opposite character, producing entirely different results, and arranged in a very dissimilar manner. This is the point Mr. Frost had to make with the Patent Office, as the invention was entirely new to them, and they confused it with the phonograph, etc. But when they saw that the facts were as stated above, he had no trouble in securing full claims. This patent is a great victory for Mr. Frost, and it gives his products a \"clear field.\" The Zobo brass band instruments are destined to win a great vogue during the coming summer and fall for campaign purposes. In fact, Zobo bands will be all the rage this year, and dealers should look way ahead and place their orders early.</small>\n\nHawaiian Gazette February 18th 1898\n\n<small>''Hawaiian Glee Club\n\n''The evening will be considerably enlivened by the presence and assistance of the club's new musical organisation of monster proportions, called 'Professor von Bergersons Zobo Band. For one thing the boys made a strong bid for American patronage. They promise some surprises during the rendition of patriotic medley 'American Airs'; There will be again given  for the benefit of both the Hawaiians and foreigners \"The evolution of Hawaiian music\", arranged by Coelho. This took the house by storm last Saturday night and will be better still. There will be once more the Kamehmeha tableau and the pahu, ipu hula anmd uliuli. The money which it is hoped to make by this repition is very much needed by the boys. Several of them must have clothing and there were some expenses attached to the firts show which have not yet been entirely defrayed.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-22-5-09 (Feb 22nd 1896)\n\n<small>''W H. FROST, of Zobo fame, has removed from 35 Frankfort street to 123 Liberty street. This move, into larger quarters, was rendered necessary owing to the growth of business. The Zobo is having a phenomenal sale. The output since the first of the year indicates that Mr. Frost will round up the million mark before the year closes. This week he made a large shipment to Joseph Wallis & Son, of London, Eng., one of the largest houses devoted to the sale of musical instruments in that city.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-22-6-09\n\n<small>''W. H. FROST, of Zobo fame, has issued a very handsomely gotten up edition of the popular \"Honeymoon March,\" arranged for the Zobo quartette, by Percy Gaunt. It shows the possibilities of the Zobo in a musical way. Mr. Frost will be pleased to send dealers a sample copy, post paid, on receipt of a postal card.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-22-8-15 (March 14th 1896)\n\n<small>''Looks Like a Zobo Year.\n\n''THE Zobo and Zobo band instruments are becoming quite a \"fad\" with college glee clubs and quartets. During the past two weeks W. H. Frost, the manufacturer, 123 Liberty street, has been in receipt of numerous inquiries from colleges, and has shipped quite a number of orders. He is also equipping Zobo bands in all sections of the country. It looks like a mighty big Zobo year, judging from the steadily growing demand for these instruments. Mr. Frost anticipates a big sale in England, as his London agents, Joseph Wallis & Son, are confident that the Zobo will become as popular in Great Britain as in the United States.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-22-9-10\n\n<small>''W. H. FROST, inventor and manufacturer of the Zobo, expects to sell a million of these instruments during 1896.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-22-12-08 (April 11th 1896)\n\n<small>''Zobo Brass Band on Wheels.\n\n''POINTS FOR DEALERS HANDLING ZOBOS\u2014HOW THEY CAN MAKE MONEY THE COMING SUMMER AND FALL.\n\n''THE Zobo Brass Band instruments seem to have struck a popular vein. In fact, the different styles are getting more popular every day. This is evidenced by the degree of bustle prevalent at Zobo headquarters.In a talk recently with W. H. Frost, the manufacturer, 123 Liberty street, he said: \" I have been behind in my orders for brass band instruments for over a month, and it is the dull season in most lines. \"I am advised by the director of the Oberlin College Glee Club that the hit of their concert recently given was the Zobo band. They have put in sixteen of these brass instruments, which fitted out the entire glee club. Then I have also equipped quartets in the glee clubs of Yale, Harvard and Cornell. So you see they are proving very successful in that field.\" Wide-awake dealers handling the Zobo instruments should make it a point to encourage the formation of bicycle brass bands. If properly pushed they would become \"all the rage.\" These instruments can be carried in one hand, easily played and slung over the back when not in use. There is absolutely no such thing as a brass band on wheels, and the novelty of the scheme proposed will commend it. Again, dealers should make it a point to be on the lookout for campaign clubs. The Zobo is destined to be indispensable during the campaign, and dealers can work up a big trade by looking up the voters as well as the bike.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-22-15-13 (May 2nd 1896)\n\n<small>''W. H. FROST, inventor and manufacturer of the Zobo, 123 Liberty street, is meeting with a great demand for the Zobo from well-known stage favorites.  He recently received a flattering letter from Frank Daniels, of the \"Wizard of the Nile\" Co., praising the Zobo generally, and ordering a quartet set. May Irwin has been captivated by the Zobo, and it is winning its way rapidly into favor among theatrical people. This instrument has also been used recently with much success in choirs and church entertainments; and, in fact, it can be used in the orchestra or in the home with signal effect. No wonder the Zobo is selling like the proverbial \"hot cakes.\" The dealers not selling this \"money-maker\" must be behind the times. Once examined and tested a sale is always effected. Such a specialty should be handled and pushed by every \"live\" dealer.</small>\n\nZobo advertisement\n\n[[File:Zobo ad.jpg]]\n<small>''(May Irwin, Canadian vaudeville star, actress 1862-1938)</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-22-18-17 (May 23rd 1896)\n\n<small>''Zobos in Demand.\n\n''ACCORDING to Mr. W. H. Frost, proprietor and manufacturer of the Zobo, the prevailing bicycle craze is not a circumstance to the heavy demand for both Zobos and Zobo Band instruments. It is simply a case of \"hustle\" at the factory, the supply barely keeping pace with the demand.\n\n''The avenues of sale are both numerous and varied, and the many dealers, one and all, adopt an \"Oliver Twist\" attitude and humbly ask for \"more.\" Mr. Frost states that a large bicycle manufactory has organized a very successful Zobo band, under the able conductorship of Otto Langey, and that the rehearsals now being held are highly successful. At a forthcoming bicycle parade, for which preparations are now being made on an extensive scale, the performers expect to make a great sensation.\n\n''Mr. Frost has fitted up an organization of twenty-five performers, who will shortly appear in a large spectacular production at one of the New York theatres. The members of the band are busy rehearsing a stirring march from Sousa's latest success, \"El Capitan,\" and other selections, and expect to make a great hit on making their stage debut. A prominent Grammar School has instituted a Zobo band, which is to perform at the school parade of the cadets and other indoor receptions. The Rudolph Wurlitzer Co., of Cincinnati, in  sending a large order under date of May 16, write: \"Just beginning to get out circulars you sent us, and have already received quite a number of orders for Zobos and Zobo instruments.\"\n\n''Mr. Frost says that the Zobo will be very much in evidence at the forthcoming St. Louis Convention; several quartets have been equipped, and a number of Zobo clubs will help to make things lively. According to the genial Zobo proprietor, the forthcoming election will be won by the party using the greatest number of Zobos. C. H. Ditson, of this city, has received a large order for the brass instruments from Tacoma, Wash. A number of new style instruments are shortly to be placed on the market, which promise to become highly popular.</small>\n\nZobo advertisement\n\n<small>A Zobo ad, found on the backside of the sheet music of President Cleveland's Second Term March in 1896</small>\n[[File:Zobo add.jpg]]\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896 22-20-10 : (June 6th 1896)\n\n<small>''Look Out for the Bicycle Zobo Band.\n\n''AN interesting feature of the livening Telegram bicycle parade, which will take place on the Boulevard from Sixtyfifth to 108th street, this afternoon, will be a Zobo band on wheels. They will form part of the exhibit of the Gormully & Jeffery Manufacturing Co., and will be seen in the manufacturers' division of the parade. They will be suitably uniformed, and will make quite a showing. The repertoire of the band is large, and they will set the pace at the parade with Sousa's \"El Capitan\" march. The bicycle band will be a splendid means of showing the possibilities of the Zobo to New Yorkers, and it will undoubtedly result in a number of other bands being formed, not only on wheels, but for campaign purposes. The Zobo is certainly the biggest hit of the day. The inventor and manufacturer, W. H. Frost, is in receipt of letters and orders from dealers in all sections of the country, stating that there is a regular run on these instruments.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-22-21-03\n\n<small>''Zobo Bicycle Band.\n\n''IN the extended notices of last Saturday's bicyle parade in this city, the local newspapers had many complimentary words for the Zobo Band, which appeared in the manufacturers' division. They made an imposing picture in their natty uniforms, and their playing was not bad, considering the limited time they rehearsed for the parade. In the near future we can look forward for several bicycle Zobo bands, not only in this city, but Ihroughout the country.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-22-24-10 (July 4th 1896)\n\n<small>''Zobo Slide Trombone.\n\n''WE herewith present a cut of the latest addition to the illustrious Zobo \"family,\" which seems destined to create a stir in Zobo circles. The instrument is an excellent rep)ica of the ordinary trombone, with slide tubing, bent, as regular instrument, having an extension of ten inches. To quote Mr. W. H. Frost's own words, \"it is a very deceptive, but nevertheless, business-like looking instrument, producing a very fine tone, especially adapted to a baritone voice.\" The instrument retails at $4, costing dealers the same as a Zobo brass horn. Mr. Frost states that \"Zobo business is improving, and, in view of the bicycle and approaching campaign excitement, he looks for a steady and increasing call for Zobo goods right up to Xmas.\" In view of this, it would be well for dealers to order well ahead of goods.</small>\n[[File:Zobo Slide trombone.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Zobo Slide Trombone</small>]]\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-23-1-15 (July 25th 1896)\n\n<small>''Zobo News.\n\n''THE accompanying illustration of a Wheelman's Zobo Brass Band,although possessing considerable interest to Zobo dealers and the trade generally, is not an actual reproduction of any special organization, inasmuch as the average Zobo band numbers considerably more members than is shown in the illustration. It is nevertheless of unique interest. According to the Philadelphia press one of the most interesting features of the recent big bicycle parade at Philadelphia, held on July 14 last, was the Zobo Band of the Century Wheelman's Club. The procession consisted often thousand cyclists and an extract from the Philadelphia \"Public Ledger\" of July 15, reads as follows: \"Next followed the Century Wheelmen, who introduced a novelty in the shape of a Zobo band, and really played excellent music. This caused the Centurions to receive tumultuous applause all along the line of parade.\" After the parade the members of the band gathered in front of the club house and gave a half-hour open air concert, which was highly appreciated by a large audience. The Century Club have undoubtedly, in a great measure, the Zobo band to thank for the ease with which they carried off their three prizes: \"Novel Display,\" \"Best General Appearance,\" \"Largest Number of Men,\" thus maintaining their reputation of being the crack club of Philadelphia. A word of acknowledgment is due that well known orchestral leader of Philadelphia, Professor Harvey Uhler, who is the leader and drum-major of the band, for the success he has achieved in producing so excellent an organization. Mr. W. H. Frost reports a good general business in Zobo instruments; he has recently had a large number of enquiries from the New York and Philadelphia bicycle clubs, Mr. Frost emphasizes the point that bicycles and politics will go hand in hand very considerably this fall, and that no bicycle club or parade is properly equipped without its \"Zobo band.\" Joseph Wallace & Son of London have, through C. Bruno & Son of New York, just ordered their fourth shipment of Zobo instruments.</small>\n[[File:Wheelmens Zobo Band.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Wheelmens Zobo Band</small>]]\n\nNew York Times September 27th 1896\n\n<small>''A 'Zobo band' of sixteen pieces has been organized by members of the Bushwick Wheelmen</small>\n\nFirst prize at the Greater America Exposition Nov 1st 1899:\n\n[[File:Zobo catalogus omslag.JPG|thumb|center|<small>Announcement of the prize</small>]]\n\nCover catalog W.L Hatch, New York\n<small>\n6 X 9 1/4\" 36 p/p's including covers. different instruments pics with prices and the packet of repair pcs. and a scan of the front and back covers. Inside the front cover is a picture of the Park Ave. Paterson NJ Church Choir Zobo Band, also a pic of school 54 NYC band. Pic of Onnalinda Zobo Band, Kansas City Shriners Band, Wheelman's Zobo Band of Philadelphia and many other bands, also listings for Zithers and mouth organs. </small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Zobo catalogus omslag.JPG\nFile:Zobo catalogus.JPG\nFile:Zobo catalogus repair.JPG\n</gallery>\n\nThe Zobo-Phone\n\n<small>The Zobo-phone, also by Strauss MFG. Co, based on the same Jan.7, 1896 patent, Number 552612. Words on the side are: 'Sing into the Mouthpiece' and 'Mama won't you buy me a Zobo?' Stands 7 inches tall.</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Zobo phone campaign novelty.jpg\nFile:Zobo Phone.JPG\nFile:Zobo Phone 1.JPG\n</gallery>\n\nDenver Public Library collection\n\nZobo trio Colorado\n\n<small>Colorado National Guard soldiers pose with trumpets in Leadville, Lake County, Colorado, during a mining labor strike of the Western Federation of Miners. A rack of rifles are against interior canvas tent walls. [1896 or 1897?]</small>\n\n[[File:Zobo.h1.gif]]\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-23-6-15\n\n<small>''Hamilton S. Gordon.\n\nW.H. FREELAND, of Hamilton S. \u2022 Gordon's small goods department, spoke somewhat encouragingly of the general outlook for fall trade, to the REVIEW on Wednesday last. Mr. Freeland stated that the \"campaign\" trade was fairly prosperous, the demand for the \"Gordon \" mandolins and guitars satisfactory, and the accordeon and zobo trade brisk.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-23-12-19 (Oct 10th 1896)\n\n<small>''Zobo News.\n\n''\"Zobo business is on the boom just now,\" said Mr. W. H. Frost to the REVIEW on Tuesday last. \"I have received more orders the last three weeks than at any time in a similar period.\" During the informal chat which followed Mr. Frost stated in substance: \"The main difficulty 1 have, when making a deal, is to impress upon buyers that the zobo is a 'serious' instrument and not to be treated in a spirit of burlesque as many seem to think. The splendid work of the Century Wheelmen's Zobo Band of Philadelphia, and my phonograph records of some of Sousa's marches, are good object lessons in this respect.\n\n''\"Campaign business is very promising,\" continued Mr. Frost; \"if dealers would only grasp the fact that it is necessary to keep a full set of instruments in stock, so as to illustrate their possibilities and excellence of workmanship; it is so difficult to sell from catalogue, a man laughs at the idea and imagines you are offering him a tin-pan toy; but impress upon him that he can purchase an entire outfit for $2 a man\u2014practically the price of the hire of  an ordinary brass band for one evening, let him fully appreciate the tonal possibilities of the instruments, and the sale is made.\" Mr. Frost stated that the largest demand for zobos came from the West, but Eastern business was good.\n\n''The zobo brass instruments were used in the glee clubs of Oberlin College, Ohio, Cornell, Yale, Harvard and Muhlenberg University, Allentown, Pa. ; in many cases the colleges had a full band outfit of sixteen pieces. Reverting again to campaign business Mr. Frost stated that the clubs possessing zobo brass instruments invariably \"take the cake.\" In most cases the performers had good voices, so that good chorus work could be effected, with the result that fun and good-fellowship invariably prevailed and \"on an economical basis,\" emphasized the narrator. We herewith present a half-tone cut illustrating a fifteen piece zobo brass band organization; the instruments are reproduced exactly as assorted, and the picture is a life-like representation of one of these organizations on parade.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-23-16-21 (Nov 7th 1896)\n\n<small>''Zobo News.\n\n''THE zobo brass instruments were much in evidence in the Sound Money Parade of Saturday last; the New York \"Herald,\" however, made a mistake in referring to these popular instruments as \"kazoos,\" the latter instrument being today completely eclipsed by its more successful rival. In response to inquiry, Mr. W. H. Frost stated to THE REVIEW on Monday last that zobo business was very good, in fact, he was not only unable to fill orders, but did not expect to catch up on same until January, '97.\n\n''The zobo brass instruments are rapidly becoming popular among musical circles; a prominent church choir of Tacoma, Wash., gave a most successful concert on Oct. 9th, last, the program containing both popular and classical selections, carefully rendered in a most \"serious\" manner. The Tacoma \"Ledger\" devoted half a column in describing the event, and referred to  the performance as a most ambitious and successful affair. Prominent among the numbers was a zobo duet, \"See the Pale Moon,\" by Donizetti, which called forth rapturous applause. A very handsome presentation plate, size 17^3 x 14, printed on enamel paper, has recently been published for presentation purposes by Mr. W. H. Frost, and can be had gratis on application. The plate consists of six half-tone portrait groups of zobo combinations and prominent organizations, and, in addition, a handsome portrait of America's favorite comedienne, May Irwin\u2014 the whole form ing an admirable advertisement most artistically produced. A new zobo instruction book, specially prepared by Otto Langey, together with some new and original musical selections, have just been published, further particulars of which will appear in a later issue.</small>\n\n[[File:Instructor.jpg|thumb|left|<small>Zobo Band Instructor by Otto Langly, 1896</small>]]\nMusic Trade Review 1896-23-19-21 (Nov 28th 1896)\n\n<small>''New Zobo Instructor.\n\n''THE name of Otto Langey on a musical instrument instruction book is sufficient guarantee that the work has been done judiciously and well. Mr. Langey has recently completed a zobo band instrument instructor which will undoubtedly not only prove of vast assistance to zobo performers, but help to still further boom these very popular instruments. The book consists of thirty-six pages of matter, carefully printed and neatly produced. It is remarkably comprehensive and, by reason of its lucidity, fully maintains Mr. Langey's high reputation for this class of work.\n\n''Full directions are given as to articulation and tongueing; the matter of rhythm is dealt with at considerable length with illustrative rhythmical exercises; there are individual exercises; exercises for mixed voices for four parts with piano accompaniment, also arrangements of popular melodies for both male and mixed zobo bands. There is a good deal of material in the instructor which will prove of value to those who are but little versed in the rudiments of music, and we predict a heavy demand for this very admirable little work. W. H. Frost is also publishing a series of compositions for zobo bands, arranged for male voices by Otto Langey. No. I. is a catchy march, entitled \"The Scorcher,\" written by Mr. Langey himself; No. II. contains an excellent arrangement of patriotic airs. The instructor and music each sell for twenty-five cents.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-23-16-21 (Nov 7th 1896)\n\n<small>''Zobo News.\n\n''THE zobo brass instruments were much in evidence in the Sound Money Parade of Saturday last; the New York \"Herald,\" however, made a mistake in referring to these popular instruments as \"kazoos,\" the latter instrument being today completely eclipsed by its more successful rival. In response to inquiry, Mr. W. H. Frost stated to THE REVIEW on Monday last that zobo business was very good, in fact, he was not only unable to fill orders, but did not expect to catch up on same until January, '97.\n\n''The zobo brass instruments are rapidly becoming popular among musical circles; a prominent church choir of Tacoma, Wash., gave a most successful concert on Oct. 9th, last, the program containing both popular and classical selections, carefully rendered in a most \"serious\" manner. The Tacoma \"Ledger\" devoted half a column in describing the event, and referred to  the performance as a most ambitious and successful affair. Prominent among the numbers was a zobo duet, \"See the Pale Moon,\" by Donizetti, which called forth rapturous applause. A very handsome presentation plate, size 17^3 x 14, printed on enamel paper, has recently been published for presentation purposes by Mr. W. H. Frost, and can be had gratis on application. The plate consists of six half-tone portrait groups of zobo combinations and prominent organizations, and, in addition, a handsome portrait of America's favorite comedienne, May Irwin\u2014 the whole form ing an admirable advertisement most artistically produced. A new zobo instruction book, specially prepared by Otto Langey, together with some new and original musical selections, have just been published, further particulars of which will appear in a later issue.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-23-20-16:\n\n<small>''THE ZOBO \"TAKES THE CAKE.\"\n\n''Among the special lines handled by Joseph Wallis & Son, Euston Road, perhaps the most successful is that effective and inexpensive American instrument entitled the \"zobo.\" They are placing it with great success among bicycle clubs and schools, and its sale is steadily increasing, not only with the foregoing, but with the public at large. It seems to have caught the popular fancy and dealers in the Provinces are selling them like the proverbial \"hot cakes.\" [The zobo is manufactured by W. H. Frost, of this city.EDITOR.]</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1896-23-22-19 and other issues\n\n<small>''Zobo News.\n\n''THE IMPROVED VIBRATOR A BIG SUCCESS\n\n''CONSIDERABLE DEMAND FOR THE ZOBO BRASS INSTRUMENT INSTRUCTOR.\n\n''W H. FROST is a zobo enthusiast; , naturally, says the cynical reader  - \"he makes 'em.\" We repeat, and emphasize the statement - W. H. Frost is a zobo enthusiast, working with the tenacity of a violin maker, in the improvement of his instrument, ever ready to discuss its merits and possibilities, and having unlimited faith in the ultimate acceptance - by the trade and public - of the zobo as a musical instrument. Mr. Frost has amply demonstrated that the zobo is not a toy, but he, nevertheless, with all the sincerity and earnestness of an enthusiast, continues to impress upon you this vital point. Mr. Frost prognosticates, and we think with considerable justification,that the zobo brass instruments have not only \"come to stay,\" but that the next few years will witness the evolution of a \"musical novelty\" into an accepted and most appreciated \"musical instrument.\" An improvement of considerable moment has recently been adopted in the zobo brass instruments which will undoubtedly tend to still further enhance their popularity. We refer to the new improved vibrator, which may be said to almost revolutionize the possibilities of the instrument. To those unfamiliar with the construction of the zobo, it might be of interest to state that the vibrator of the instrument is attached to a wooden vibrator frame, which is inserted in the mouthpiece of the instrument. Constant experimenting has resulted in a perfecting of this vibrator, the effect being to clarify the tonal effects of the instrument in a most marked degree. With this latest improvement the zobo brass instruments are now completely under the control of the performer, better expression can be obtained, pianissimo and forte are easier of emphasis, and, to use Mr. Frost's own words, \"the tonal quality of the instrument is of so refined a nature that it becomes especially adapted to the most refined quarters of a limited New York flat.\" Bands and orchestras also benefit by this improvement, as selections can be performed with greater accuracy and better effect. In referring to the new vibrator, Chas. Russell, of the well-known musical vaudeville team, the Russell Bros., writes: \"The new vibrator is a big success and the zobo cornet solo with piano accompaniment is the best feature of the program.\" Mr. Frost states that in future all zobo brass instruments will have an improved vibrator in addition to the regular one. He will be pleased to forward a sample vibrator to any zobo performers or zobo brass instrument agents.Otto Langey's Zobo Brass Instrument Instructor, published by W. H. Frost & Co., 123 Liberty street, this city, is meeting with splendid success and undoubtedly fills the bill in a most admirable manner.</small>\n\nNews from the Thurmons Culture Club in Catoctin clarion December 03, 1896\n<gallery>\nFile:Catoctin clarion December 03, 1896.jpg\n</gallery><small> Zobo Quartette playing</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1897-24-1-05 addresses 'small goods trade': W.H.Frost, Libertystreet\n\nMusic Trade Review 1897-24-1-07 (January 2nd 1897)\n\n<small>''May Irwin made a big \"hit\" at the Columbia Theatre last week in a song which she sings with the zobo band accompaniment. It is a great ad. for the zobo.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1897-24-2-06 (January 9th 1897)\n\n<small>''The \" First Zobo Band of New York,\" a Harlem organization, recently presented W. H. Frost, the well-known zobo manufacturer, with a handsomely framed photographic group of its members. The picture is 15 x 18 inches in size, and has been accorded a prominent position in Mr. Frost's private office, 123 Liberty Street, this city.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1897-24-2-17 (January 9th 1897)\n\n<small>''The Zobo on Broadway.\n\n''W. H. Frost is naturally much pleased with the big reception accorded to the Zobo Band, which is so prominent a feature of May Irwin's \" Courted into Court,\" now occupying the boards at the Bijou Theatre, this city. The celebrated American comedienne has for some time past been a zobo enthusiast. She had a zobo band at her summer place in the Thousand Islands, and was so convinced of the admirable qualities of the zobo brass band instruments for stage purposes that she has introduced them into her new f)iece, and throughout the fall the company have been busy rehearsing and perfecting their zobo selections with a view to make this special performance a marked feature of the production. At Omaha, Kansas City, St. Louis, Chicago, and New York, the Zobo Band finale at the close of the second act was vociferously applauded, resulting in several curtain calls. All the members of the company participate in the zobo finale, making thirteen performers. The instruments include cornets, alto cornets, saxophones, trombones, bass horns, with the addition of cymbals and bass drum, May Irwin acting as drum-major. The press give the new piece warm approval, and it is doubtless in for an extended run.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1897-24-9-23\n\n<small>''Popularity of the Zobo Band.\n\n''To popularize the Zobo by means of Zobo clubs, bands, orchestras and similar organizations, was a happy thought on the part of Mr. W. H. Frost, now frequently alluded to as \"the Zobo man.\" By dint of indefatigable personal effort, Mr. Frost has succeeded in scoring a distinct and lasting success for his ingenious instruments. It is quite \"the proper thing\" now to be a member of a Zobo band. The picture herewith represents the members of the First Zobo Band of New York. The headquarters are in Harlem, where the members reside. It was organized by Mr. C. W. Diehl, 443 East 123d street, who is now the director. Mr. Diehl is active in matters of church music. The members are mostly members of church choirs. Their Zobo repertoire includes Sousa's marches, all standard music, and many favorite modern compositions. Tins band was organized over a year ago. It has given several successful concerts and is classified as a regular and permanent musical organization.</small>\n\n[[File:The First Zobo Band of New York.jpg]]\n\nMusic Trade Review 1897-24-11-15\n\n<small>''Incorporated: The Zobo Manufacturing Co., of NewYork, was incorporated on Wednesday last, to manufacture and deal in musical instruments and novelties; capital, $10,000. Directors\u2014 Warren H. Frost, Mae Etta Frost, Louis N. Crokaw, and Emma R. Crokaw, all of New York city.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1897-24-12-19 (March 20th 1897)\n\n<small>''The Zobo and the Bicycle Season.\n\n''Now that the bicycle season of 1897 is fairly under way, the demand for Mr. W. H. Frost's unique instruments, the zobos, big and little, has received renewed impetus. Clubs all over the country are sending in their orders, with requests for suggestions as to the drilling of band members and the like. The present year is likely to be a red-letter one in the history of the zobo. After five rehearsals, zobo brass bands are, if properly instructed, ready for any mancxuvre on foot, wheel, or horseback. Many wide-awake dealers who are located near bicycle club quarters have been doing a lively business in zobos of late, and from the size and frequency of their orders, they anticipate a big trade during the next three months.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1897-24-13-19 (March 27th 1897)\n\n<small>''The Zobo Manufacturing Co.\n\n''The Zobo Mfg. Co., the incorporation of which was recently announced in The Review, has been organized with W. H. Frost, president; E. R. Crakow, vice-president, and L. N. Crakow, secretary-treasurer. This concern is amply equipped not only to carry on the business so well developed by Mr. Frost, but to broaden its scope and make better known the zobo, which is now rapidly becoming one of the stock musical instruments. Of the popularity of the zobo band instruments it is almost unnecessary to speak. They are scoring one success after another; probably the most pronounced is that made in \"Courted into Court\" at the Bijou Theatre, this city, where May Irvvin has appeared for over a hundred nights consecutively as drum-major of a very excellent zobo band.\n\n''In church, as well as theatrical circles, the zobo has become an established favorite. The New York Zobo Band, which was organized over a year ago, and now a well established musical organization of nineteen members, has recently given many concerts in church and society circles. The repertory is extensive, including many popular instrumental pieces. It may be interesting to learn that through the receipts of some concerts given by this organization two churches in this city were enabled to keep open doors during the past year. Enough money was donated by the band to the congregations to pay off the interest on the mortgages. It would be a good point for members of churches who are breaking their heads trying to pay their ministers' salaries to engage or organize a zobo band. The New York Zobo Band referred to has demonstrated effectively how salaries can be paid and the church mortgage debt decreased. Mr. Louis N. Crakow, secretary of the company, will be prominently identified with the business hereafter, as Mr. Frost, always a busy man, is interested in several enterprises. Mr. Crakow is a genial and accomplished gentleman, and is destined to advance the interests of his house.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1897-24-14-29  (April 3rd 1897)\n\n<small>''The Zobo in Demand.\n\n''\"The only complaint we can make about business,\" said Mr. L. N. Crakow, of the Zobo Manufacturing Co., 123 Liberty street, when seen by The Review on Wednesday last, \"is unusual slowness in collections. Orders for zobos are steadily coming in; last week we shipped six cases of zobos to Australia, where they are becoming decidedly popular. So far this week orders amounting in value to over $500 have been received.\" This certainly looks like business.</small>\n\nVarious\n\nBrooklyn Daily Eagle Star 24 april 1897 \n\n<small>''Next to follow was the Zobo band , under the direction of V. E. Brodie. This has to be heard to be appreciated. Mr. Brodie as Paderewskl, on a f i f t y cent piano, being very good.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1897-24-15-02  ad\n\n<small>''\nBUY GOODS THAT PEOPLE WANT AND CAN AFFORD TO BUY\n\nMORE MONEY IN THE ZOBO BRASS INSTRUMENTS\n\nThan in any other musical instrument ever offered. Rapidly becoming popular with musical people as well as with the general public. Write for particulars regarding\n\npopular hits of Zobo Bands. (with picture of bicycle Zobo band. The company is named Zobo in the meantime.. )\n\nTHE ZOBO Manufacturing Co, Sole Mfrs. 123 Liberty Street, New York.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1897-24-17-04 (April 24th 1897)\n\nMusic Trade Review contributes to the success, writing: \n\n<small>''Here is another one under date of April 2. The Zobo Manufacturing Co. write: \"We have appreciated the many benefits we have received through our advertisement in your journal and consider the enormous amount of business we have gotten through you.\"</small>\n\nSporting Life volume 29 no 9\n\n15 May 1897 Cyclers Parade\n\n(www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportingLife/1897/VOL_29_NO_09/SL2909021.pdf)\n\nAt the unveiling of the Washington monument in Philadelphia, 15.000 cyclers altogether the Zobo band of the Century Wheelmen, with the electric light display, showed up again\n\nMusic Trade Review 1897-25-3-06 address book Zobo MFG Co Liberty street City (small goods trade) en  STRAUSS MUSIC CO., 267 Wabash Ave., Chicago, 111 (Music Publishers)\n\nMusic Trade Review 1897-25-8-06 idem\n\nMusic Trade Review 1897-25-16-06 idem\n\nThe New York Clipper 4 dec 1897-1899\n\n<small>''J. W. ROBB'S CASINO OPERATIC BURLESQUERS are introducing a Zobo band of twelve fine brass instruments with marked success.</small>\n\nHamilton S. Gordon catalogue\n\n<small>Hamilton S. Gordon catalogue, New York, 1897-1898 shows the zobo, along with the vocophone</small>\n\nNiagara Falls Gazette August 18th 1898\n<small>''THE ZOBO BAND.\n\n''It Has a New Lot of Instruments and Is Able to Produce All Kinds of Music.\n\n''Tonight the Zobo band will accompany the search-light excursion on the Gorge Road. It was to have accompanied the excursion last night but, through some misunderstanding the members of the band did not. assemble and the excursion went without them. The Zobo band is now a great institution. It no longer has any real connection with the Royal Arcanum, although the majority of the members belong to the order. The connection with the order, was severed in order that several outsiders whose musical ability particularly struck Leader Jenny, could be taken into the ranks. The end has fully justified the action and the result is a great and growing band with unlimited possibilities. The Zobo band accompanies the search-light excursions for two reasons, viz: for the pleasure derived and for the cash remuneration. The cash is needed to pay for the new instruments which the band now possesses. There is a story connected with the purchase of the new instruments, the details of which if known, might prove very interesting. It will be remembered that on the 24th of'May last the Zobo band went to Niagara Falls. Ont. to aid the Canadians in celebrating the Queen's birthday. Crowds of People saw the band depart for the other side of the river, but only a very few saw them return. The few who did happen to be prowling around late enough to see the return of the musicians would not recognize them as such, for they had no instruments with them and they looked for all the world like common, ordinary house painters in their uniforms of duck which were white when they went across the river in the morning. Where their instruments went seems to be a mystery. Only one or two of them were saved. Judge Charles H. Piper carried the bass horn, and after he had walked about the track with the band 42 times playing the same tune all the time he grow tired and climbed into a wagon for a rest. He took his horn with him. While he was in the wagon the rest of the members of the band went down to the town and he could not find them and he came home early and brought his instrument with him. The trombone also came back but it was in eight pieces and now adorns the walls of the quarters of the Arcanum as a memento of the celebration of the Oueen's birthday. There was only one thing to do and that was to purchase new instruments. Experience taught the members a lesson and now they have brass horns, but they are not paid for and these search-light excursions come in very handy as another payment is due shortly. The new instruments are capable of producing the same unearthly noise as the old paper instruments were and tonight the mysterious spirits of the gorge whos nocturnal revels have been undisturbed for ages, will be rudely intruded upon.</small>\n\nPRINTERS' INK May 31, 1899\n(A Journal for Advertisers, New York)\n\n<small>ADVERTISING THE \" ZOBO.\"\nReaders of the Saturday Evening Post, Success, the Christian Herald, the Voice and similar publications, are doubtless familiar with the little twenty-two-line ad which describes and contains a cut of the Zobo, an article which is fittingly named by its inventor a \" toy musical instrument.\" Assigned to the task of finding out something about the \"Zobo\" advertising, I went to the fifth floor of 369 Broadway, and there saw Mr. L. N. Crakow, the owner of the business. He received me graciously, and the following conversation ensued:\n\" How long has the Zobo been on the market ?\"\n\"Since 1896. It was patented in that year, and was first advertised for sale in Chicago.\"\n\" In what class of papers ?\"\n\" Those generally carrying mail order advertising, like Comfort, Boyce's Weeklies, etc.\"\n\"Did they pay you?\"\n\"Comfort paid us all right. I can't say as much for the others.  We started practically without capital, but knowing we had a good thing we determined to build up a business.\"\n\"When did you come to New York\"?\n\"Eighteen months ago.\"\n\"What mediums do you now use, Mr. Crakow?\"\n\"The Christian Herald, the Christian Endeaver World, Success, the Voice, Saturday Evening Post of Philadelphia and the tri-weekly editions of the New York World. \"\" DO you get good returns from these papers? \"\" Yes, better than we did with the other mediums I named. We average between 400 and 500 cash letters daily.\" \n\" What do Zobos sell for?\"\n\" From ten cents up to $4. Generally a ten-cent one marks the first sale, but with each cheap instrument is inclosed an illustrated catalogue of our better-class goods. This shows people the possibilities of the Zobo and explains that it is not merely a toy but a first-class musical instrument.\"\n\" Do you have second applications, then ?\"\n\" Yes, and always for a higher priced Zobo. Every letter that comes here inclosing cash means that the writer's name goes on our books at once for future reference. If he writes for a second or third Zobo the amount is fully credited to the paper which first introduced him.\"\n\" How do you trace results ?\"\n\" By means of a keyed address number. We used to try 'departments,' but I don't like that system. Our letter carriers are informed of what we are doing, and whether a letter is addressed to us at\n36l, 363, 365. 367, 369 or any other number on the block it is always delivered here. No matter what number is given in the ad it is one that belongs to this block, so the average New Yorker who comes personally to find us has no difficulty whatever-\n\"You keep the letters for selling again I suppose\"?\n\"No, we don't, and won't sell them Each letter is marked as soon as it arrives with the name of the paper corresponding to the key number, and the amount inclosed is written in blue pencil. We would not give our business away by selling such letters.\"\n\" Is yours altogether a mail order business ?\"\n\" By no means. Why, at the present time over 40,000 retail stores in the United States are selling Zobos; music stores, toy and notion stores and the big department stores. In the latter we do some good advertising.\"\n\" In what way ?\"\n\" By demonstrations. We get the best lady demonstrators we can procure, and, besides a regular weekly salary, we pay them a commission on their sales. This makes them anxious to sell, and consequently they not only show the goods but instruct intending purchasers in the method of playing.\"\n\" Why do you use religious and semi-religious mediums, Mr. Crakow?\"\n\" We want to reach people in bulk - choirs, singing classes and so on. We also advertise in the music trade journals for the same reason.\"\n\" Might I ask what your present appropriation is ?\"\n\" I would rather not say, Mr. Printers' Ink, but although we have built up such a vast business, we are not spending very much money. Many lines of business want our goods in large quantities. They are known to be most acceptable gifts .for children,\nand therefore many firms give them away as premiums for purchasers. The Larkin Soap people of Buffalo offer Zobos for so many soap wrappers, for instance.\"\nI thanked Mr. Crakow for his in-\nformation and withdrew.</small>''\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Wood zobo.JPG\nFile:Printers Ink 3.png.jpg\n</gallery>\n\nFielding Star, Kiwitea and Oroua New Zealand January 24th 1899\nZobo band\n\n[[File:Zobo.h2.gif]]\n\n==1900 - 1910==\n\nSomewhere between 1897 and 1900 Cracow must have sold the Zobo Manufacuring Company to Strauss Manufacturing Co. An 1900 ad names Strauss Mfg Co as the seller of Zobo's. An article from 1902 describes the growth at Strauss and the Zobo's being at the heart of it.\n\n\n[[File:Zobo ad 1900.JPG]]<small>Zobo ad 1900</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Zobo 2021.jpg|<small>Zobo cornet shipment, with wooden box and instructions </small>\nFile:Zobo 2021 1.jpg|\nFile:Zobo 2021 3.jpg|<small>Zobo cornet shipment, instructions </small>\nFile:Zobo 2021 7.jpg|\nFile:Zobo 2021 8.jpg|<small>Zobo cornet shipment, wooden box </small>\nFile:Zobo cornetto 2022.jpg|<small>Zobo cornet with box</small>\nFile:Zobo cornetto 2022 3.jpg\nFile:Zobo cornetto 2022 4.jpg\n</gallery>\nRudolph Wurlitzer & Co Cincinnati catalogue 1901\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Wurlitzer catalogus 1901 2.jpg|Ad, Jan 1 1900. \nFile:Wurlitzer catalogus 1901.jpg|Daytone Gazette Florida Feb. 2, 1901\n</gallery>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1901-32-14-45\n\n<small>''The Popular Music Makers.\n\n''The State of Trade in Small Harps, Mouth Organs, Jewsharps, \" Bones\" and Accordions.\n\n''The old boy who always thinks of things that used to happen when he was young and never happen now was in the mood for fault finding. He had been heard on the degeneration of the mince pie and the old games. The playing of a hand organ turned his thoughts in the direction of music. \"What has become of the accordions, concertinas, harmonicas, jewsharps and bones? Once upon a time these were among the prized possessions of a boy, and there were few boys who did not carry a mouth organ or a jewsharp or Jboth in the same pocket with marbles, jackknife, pieces of string and other things that only boys know how to appreciate. The comb with a piece of paper over the flat surface was also a favorite musical instrument in those days, but the boy of the present time knows no more about it than he does of the mouth organ, bones or concertina.\"......\n\n''The zobo, which is made in many styles and shapes, has taken the place of the comb as a musical instrument, and children make just as much noise and as good music on this little instrument as their fathers did on the comb, says the Tribune.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1901-32-19-35 (May 11th 1901)\n\n<small>''Emil Rink Favorably Impressed\n\n''With the United States and our People\u2014Me Chats with the Review A Big Field Abroad for American Specialties.\n\n''Emil Rink, London agent for the National Musical String Co., the Phonoharp Co., Ch. & J. Ullmann & Co., of Paris, and others, who arrived in New York from England four weeks ago in quest of American specialties for the British market, left again on Thursday for Europe. He was a passenger on the \"Fuerst Bismarck.\" Mr. Rink, who is famous in Great Britain as an enterprising merchant, made his headquarters at the office of the Phonoharp Co. when in New York. The Review, during its round of calls, met Air. Rink at 415 Broadway, and asked him if he cared to state briefly his views concerning America, also his success in a business way.........\n\n''The Review inquired from Mr. Rink if any important trade contracts had been consummated during his stay. \"Yes,\" was the reply, \"I have arranged with the Strauss Manufacturing Co., of Jersey City, to take the zobo agency for England. Contracts have been made with Maulbetch & Whittemore, of Newark, N. J., for leather instrument and other cases for England. Business plans have also been perfected in other directions, but there is no necessity to go into details just now. Of one thing I feel assured; there is a big future for American goods, such as I am interested in, in England. My present mission has been entirely successful.\"</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\" caption=\"1901 Zobo Ad with a picture of the Paterson NY Church Choir Zobo Band\">\nFile:PATTERSON NJ CHURCH BAND IN 1901 STRAUSS CORNETTO AD..jpg\nFile:1901PATTERSONNJZOBOCHURCHBANDSELFPLAYINGCORNETTOAD25BY275STOR6PLUS.jpg\n</gallery>\n\nThe Age Saturday May 19th 1900, and others\n\n<small>''The relief of Mafeking\n\n''CASTLEMAINE. At midnight, when news of the relief of Mafeking as reported from Delagoa Bay was received bells were rung all over the place. To-day school children and others assembled in the town hall sung patriotic songs, and listened to patriotic addresses by the mayor, Messrs. E. D. Williams and H. S. Lawson, M\u2019s, L.A. and Lieutenant-Colonel McCay. The children afterwards marched through the streets to the market buildings, where they were entertained by the mayor. To-night the 4th Battalion, under Lieutenant-Colonel McCay, turned out, and headed by their band, paraded the streets. The cadets were led by the Zobo band. They went to the town hall, where patriotic speeches were made. At the invitation of Lieutenant-Colonel McCay the officers and a number of leading citizens were banqueted at the Castlemaine Hotel.</small>\n\nStrauss also published sketches to be played by a Zobo band. This one is called Topsy Turvy, 'speialle written for Zobo Quartette Artists'\n<gallery>\nFile:Topsy Turvy 0.jpg\nFile:Topsy Turvy 1.jpg\nFile:Topsy Turvy 2.jpg\nFile:Topsy Turvy 3.jpg\nFile:Topsy Turvy 4.jpg\n</gallery><small>Topsy Turvy, a Zobo sketch, source Ebay 2021</small>\n\nMay 20th 1901 Pan-American Exposition , Buffalo NY\n<small>''CASTLEMAINE. At midnight, when news of the relief of Mafeking as reported from Delagoa Bay was received bells were rung all over the place. To-day school children and others assembled in the town hall sung patriotic songs, and listened to patriotic addresses by the mayor, Messrs. E. D. Williams and H. S. Lawson, M\u2019s, L.A. and Lieutenant-Colonel McCay. The children afterwards marched through the streets to the market buildings, where they were entertained by the mayor. To-night the 4th Battalion, under Lieutenant-Colonel McCay, turned out, and headed by their band, paraded the streets. The cadets were led by the Zobo band. They went to the town hall, where patriotic speeches were made. At the invitation of Lieutenant-Colonel McCay the officers and a number of leading citizens were banqueted at the Castlemaine Hotel.\n\n[http://www.trainweb.org/wnyrhs/panam1901.htm/ Source: Trainweb]</small>\n\n<small>''11.00 am The Midway parade along the same route, a glorious panorama of colors and surprises. By now, the crowds had begun to spill out into the streets, and it took the police about ten minutes to reform the line along the curb. \"It led off with Frederick T. Cummins, the grand marshall on a horse, and wound up with a sod house on wheels, and in between there were all the contrasts and varieties that the peoples and beasts of strange lands could possibly provide.\" There were native Americans in gaily colored garments, toreadors, Mexican ladies, rancheros, the miniature railway and Chiquita floats, gypsies, elephants, zebras, a caged lion, stag hunters, the Royal Bavarian Band, dragoon guards, cross-bowmen, peasants, singers and dancers, market people, the Cleopatra float, \"mounted on the throne of an immense float drawn by a score of slaves who were dressed in the picturesque fashion of the east.\" Japanese Geisha girls, swordsman and wrestlers, Next came the Eskimo float, the men an women dressed in furs, Bringing up the rear were camels and donkeys accompanied by Turks, Bedouins, Nubians, Egyptians, and Moors. \"After them came a number of wagons bearing exhibits from different concessions, popcorn, peanuts, drinks, etc., the Midway Boys Zobo band and other lesser features, all extending the line.\n\n[http://www.trainweb.org/wnyrhs/panam1901.htm/ Source: Trainweb]</small>\n\nCass City Chronicle Michigan ,June 28th 1901\n\n<small>''The Zobo band made its first appearance on Main street Monday evening.</small>\n\nAshland Press:  Januar15th 1902, Ashland Ohio:\n\n<small>''The Zobo band was entertained by Mr. and Mrs. Tilden Wise at the home of Mrs. Wise's father, F.E. Hartsel, on Friday evening of last week.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1902-34-8-39 (February 22th 1902)\n\n<small>''THE COUNTRY'S CRAZE!\n\n''Since opening their factory, warerooms and offices at 142-146 West Fourteenth street, New York City, the Strauss Manufacturing Co. have experienced a very prosperous time. Business grows with them week by week, and it has now reached such proportions, that they employ no less than sixty-four persons, who devote their time to the manufacture of Zobo instruments. From all over the country, from every little village, comes orders for this popular instrument, that all can play without learning, it is truly a country's craze. In addition to the \"Zobo,\" the \"Strauss Manufacturing Co.'' carry a number of well-known instruments, such as the \"Strauss Music King\" violins, guitars, mandolins and banjos, the \"Perfection\" Music Boxes, and accordions, organs, zithers, xylophones, clariophones and harmonicas, all goods in which can be found the finest materials and workmanship. But with this firm the \"Zobo\" rules. One can scarcely realize the demand there is for this instrument, and we can accurately and truthfully say that the dealer, who is fortunate enough, to be the first in a town or village to introduce this instrument can make a good many hundreds of dollars in a month or so. They sell on sight, and if one person has one, all the others want it. So dealers who are enterprising and ambitious, would do well to send to the Strauss Manufacturing Co., 142-146 West Fourteenth street, New York, for further particulars.</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Zo0bo.h2.jpg|138-146 West 14th Street, between Sixth and Seventh Avenues in Manhattan, New York City\nFile:Rochester zobo band.jpg|Rochester Zobo Band\nFile:Zobo musical cigar Wurlitzer 1901.JPG|Rudolph Wurlitzer catalog 1901\n</gallery>\n\n138-146 West 14th Street, between Sixth and Seventh Avenues in Manhattan, New York City, is a loft building constructed c.1899 in Roman Revival style. (Source: AIA Guide to NYC (4th ed). ) It is the location of the Manhattan campus of the Pratt Institute, an art school based in Brooklyn, which used the address 144 West 14th Street.\n\nMusic Trade Review 1902-34-25-27 (June 21st 1902)\n\n<small>''STRAUSS MFG. CO.'S NOVELTIES.\n\n''The Strauss Manufacturing Co., of 142 West Fourteenth street, are always adding to their large catalogue of musical novelties. The latest additions are a set of specially finely finished zoboes and horns, to retail at 25 cents and 50 cents, a cornet at 75 cents and a trombone at $1.00. The workmanship is really wonderful, and we all know the playing qualities of these instruments. Another new instrument that is having an enormous sale is a combined zobo and harmonica; this retails at 50 cents. It is quite 'the most ingenious toy we have ever seen in this line. Dealers who carry games, etc., as well as musical merchandise,\" can obtain some firstclass ping-pong, or rather table tennis, sets from the Strauss Manufacturing Co., the best workmanship at the cheapest price. They also carry a fine line of decorated bats for table tennis. It is always a pleasure to call at the offices of this firm; to be courteously received by Mr. Strauss without the formality of being kept waiting, is something to make a day brighter.</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Strauss advertentie 1903.jpg|Strauss ad's Christian Herald 1903\nFile:Strauss ad 1902.jpg|unknown, 1902\nFile:Church band of Paterson 1902 ad.JPG|Church band of Paterson, ad 1902   \n</gallery>\n\n'01. '02(Jan) S. (Hints ed. of novel and successful drills.) Hatch, Adelaide Wescott. Zobo patriotic drill.  pap., 15 c.\n\nAdams High School , Adams, 24 June 1902 Zobo band performing the Patriotic Drill as part of Redhood programm\n\nVarious catalogues\n\nC. Bruno & Son\n\n<small>C. Bruno & Son from New York has a Harmonophone with build-in Zobo in their fall supplement to the 1902 main catalog. They also had Zobos in their 1903-1904 catalog.</small>)\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Bruno1902-03-bg.jpg\nFile:1902 Hamonophone ad.JPG\n</gallery>\n\nThe 1902 Sears catalogue advertised a Zobo tutor by Otto Langey\n\n[[File:Sears 1902 catalogue III page reprint 1969.jpg|thumb|center|<small> Sears,Roebuck & Co catalog 1902 (reprint 1969)</small>]]\n\n14 June 1902 The colored American Washington D.C.\n\nNovel Zobo Band\n\nC.Bruno & Son catalogue 1903 -1904\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:C. Bruno & Son p 328.jpg\nFile:C. Bruno & Son p 329 1903 1904 .jpg\n</gallery>\n\nsource: American Musical Instruments in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , Laurence Libin 1985\n\nThe 1903 Catalogue of the Crosby Brown collection of musical instruments of all nations from the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art mentions the Zobo in the class of Vibating membrane instruments:\n\n<small>2585. ZOBO HORN. A short conical tube of brass, having\nat the end a vibrating membrane. By humming into the mouth-\npiece an effect is produced similar to that of the Onion Flute. U.\nS. A. Late 19th Century.\nLength, 4 1/2 inches.\n2586. ZOBO FLUTE. A small cylinder of wood pierced with one hole and having at one end a vibrating membrane. The instrument is played like the Onion Flute. U. S. A. Late 19th\nCentury.\nLength. 5 inches.\n1702. ONION FLUTE or Flute Eunuque. A conical tube of dark wood pierced with one hole, having at one end a covering of membrane over which is placed a perforated bulb. The instru-\nment is played by humming into the hole at the side of the tube.\nFrance. 18th Century.\nLength. 2 feet 9 inches.\n2641. MIRLITON. Cylindrical tube of reed, closed at both ends by a thin membrane; on either side of the tube a large hole : by humming into one of which the membranes arc set in motion\nand a curious nasal tone produced, as in the Onion Flute. France.\n19th Century.\nLength. 10 1/4 inches.</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Zobo bassonette.jpg|Zobo Bassonette, 6\" long, bell diameter 3.5\"\nFile:1903 Zobo Megaphone ad.JPG|1903 Zobo Megaphone ad\n</gallery>\n\nApril 7th 1903 3 Worchester Daily Telegram of Worchester MA\n<small>''Police and Zobo Band.\n''Young Ladies in Dooley's Circus to Take These Parts.\n\n''The young ladies who are to assist the members of the Catholic young men's lyceum in Dooley's circus, April 24, in Mechanics Hall, met in the rooms of the society last night. It was voted to have another meeting next Tuesday night, April 14, and after the deliberations to spend the remainder of the time until midnight in dancing.\n\n''The general committee of the society reported that Reidl's singing orchestra had been engaged for the circus dance music.\nIt was agreed to start the grand march off with a platoon of police, followed with a Zobo band of 10 pieces. Some of the members of the society have decided to imitate the cops and others will become temporary musicians. The leaders of the grand march will follow the band. It is the desire of the committee to have every person in the march in a comical dress, and it is sincerely hoped that none will go to the extreme.</small>\n\nApril 1903 Poughkeepsie Eagle News\n\n<small>''The Y.M.C.A. gave a great and only Two Paw circus at the gymnasium in the \u00dd' building. The eminent ring master was William H. Pasquiy, the super elegent Zobo band was led by William H. Sweet.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1903-36-23-33 (June 6th 1903)\n\n<small>''The Review was glad to welcome John H. Buckbee, at one time a well-known manufacturer of banjos and drums, in New York City, to Boston this week. It is a pleasure to see \"Johnny,\" as all his many friends call him, on the road again. He is now traveling for the Strauss Manufacturing Co., of Nos. 142 and 146 West Fourteenth street,  New York, his specialty being the \"Zobo\" and other novelties manufactured and handled by his house. \"Johnny\" is on his way eastward from Chicago, where he was royally received by the trade. In fact he is being warmly welcomed everywhere. He still retains the same geniality of temperament which characterized him when he represented his own line on the road.</small>\n\nThe San Francisco Call\n\n15 november 1903 in an ad Hall's Zobo's for 19c till $3 a piece\n\nBonner County Daily Bee.com mentions a Zobo Band in Sandpoit, North Idaho:\n\n<small>''Zibbie and Robert Coons were married in 1903 when he was station agent for the Northern Pacific in Sandpoint. Zibbie had lived in town and worked at various jobs before she met Robert. She was a member of a musical group called the \u201cZobo Band.\u201d</small>\n\nMetlakatla\nThe apostle of Alaska: the story of William Duncan, of Metlakahtla, 1909\n\n<small>''The Metlakatla brass band was the pride of the Pacific Northwest coast from about the mid 1870s to 1887. Generally thought to be the first brass band of native musicians, the band was historically upstaged by the St. Mary\u2019s Mission band which came into existence about 1866-67. One of the first appearances of the Metlakatla band came with the 1876 visit of Governor-General and Lady Dufferin. A Toronto newspaper writer described the group of bandsmen as \u201cgorgeous in cast-off uniforms of United States soldiers, purchased at a sale of condemned military clothing recently held in Alaska.\u201d William Duncan, the controversial founder of the Christian Tsimshian community of Metlakatla, is believed to have brought band instruments with him upon his return from England in February 1871. A Prussian bandmaster named Ephor has been credited with giving music lessons to either Duncan and/or his pupils. After the bandmaster had fulfilled his obligations a student took over. This student, Roderick Vokel, was later hired by the enthusiastic Kincolith villagers to teach some of their members how to play. Another band was also formed at about the same time at Port Simpson. The Metlakatla band was brought out for all important visitors. When Duncan seceded in 1887 from the Church Missionary Society, moving over 800 followers on August 7 to Annette Island, Alaska, Bishop William Ridley somehow managed to keep the band functioning. Music continued to play an important role in the lives of the Tsimshians at New Metlakatla, for by the early 1900s other musical associations were formed including \u201ca reed band, a string band, an orchestra, a ladies\u2019 orchestra, and a girls\u2019 zobo band.\u201d</small>\n\n[[File:Zobo Metlakahtla Girl's Zobo Band NARA-NRIA.gif|thumb|left|<small>Metlakatla girls' Zobo Band - Sir Henry S. Wellcome Collection, NARA's Pacific Alaska Region, Anchorage, Alaska (Collection wme)</small>]]\n\nUniversities\n\n<small>Yale University class of 1896 had a Zobo band\n\nThe Cornell Alumni News (Cornell University, Ithaka NY) from June 27th 1906 mentions the 1903 class Zobo band.</small>)\n\n<small>''The class of 1903 made its headquarters downtown, and was chiefly notable for its \"Zobo\" band, uniformed in natty striped suits which bore a suspicious resemblance to pajamas. Thus attired, the band marched about the Campus and the city, discoursing sweet music on various occasions and in sundry places.\n\n''They also showed up as a surprise at the annual Senior Week Concert. The annual Senior week concert of the Musical clubs contained some unusual and novel features, which made it one of the most enjoyable concerts of the season. Two of the hits of the  evening were not on the program, and were unexpected alike to the audience and the members of the clubs. The first was the \"Zobo\" band, under the leadership of C. B. Kugler, '03, prominent in its personnel being Robert Ryan, '03, and Edward Burns, '03, both former members of the Glee club. The members of the band appeared on the stage duing the entr'acte dressed in unique costumes somewhat resembling pajamas. They had practiced assiduously during the day on the \"Cavaleria Rusticana,\" and this the rendered with great eclat, following it with a march encore in which sundry evolutions of a military order were gone through.</small>\n\nThe Amateur entertainer\n\nThe Amateur entertainer: The most complete catalogue in the world, devoted exclusively to every branch of amusement, included in which are sample programmes, descriptions and illustrations of every popular style of entertainment. : Volume 1 Crest Trading Company, New York - 1904 - \n\n<small>''Zobo Brass Band Instruments\n''The only entirely new, original and successful Musical Instruments that Everybody can play on sight without being taught. A positive success! An entertainment provider! Just the thing for novelty musical acts! Great for finale of Minstrel First Part! List of Correct Instruments for the Voice. Though all Zobo Instruments may be played by any voice, for BEST results we advise the following: for Soprano, 1st Tenor or Falsetto Alto, 2d Tenor or the average voice Zobo Alto Cornet, 1st Bass or Heavy Alto Saxaphone... When better results are desired the following selections will prove very satisfactory : 4 Sopranos Cornet 8 Altos Saxaphone 8 Tenors Alto Cornet 2 Baritones Slide Trombone 3 Basses Bass Horn A Small Brass Drum is a desirable addition. For Bicycle Band of IS Pieces. 6 1st Tenors or Falsettos Cornet 4 2d Tenors Alto Cornet 2 \u2026\u2026Boys, girls, grown persons of every age and both sexes, bands, glee clubs, picnics, excursions private theatricals, musicales, minstrel shows, professional performances, church fairs, festivals, entertainments and outings.\n''What does a Zobo look like? Just like the ordinary brass instrument used by a band and shaped like these too.\nHow is it played? By humming a tune into it. Avoid BLOWING. Let the singing voice go clearly into the mouthpiece, keeping the lips somewhat apart.\n''Do they sound like regular brass instruments? Of course they do, that\u2019s why they are a success.\n''How are these effects produced? By the kind of Zobo used and the kind of voice that hums into it. A soprano with a Zobo cornet gives a clear, musical-instrument note. A bass voice with a Zobo bass horngives a deep, rich musical instrumen effect.\n''Must one be a singer? No anyone can play a Zobo.\n''Any musical education required? .....\n''Zobo bands orchestras and glee clubs are forming all over the country. Think of it! All you have to do is get together any desired number who can hum a tune, give them Zobo\u2026.\n\n''The Amateur entertainer. The most complete catalogue in the world, devoted exclusively to every branch of amusement, included in which are sample programmes, descriptions and illustrations of every popular style of entertainment. 1904.\n\n''A Zobo Button, with proper care, should last at least 8 months. We furnish an extra Vibrating Button with each instrument, and should you at any time need new ones you can obtain them at the rate of 3 buttons for 6 cents </small>  \n\nEvening Post New Zealand August 1905\n\n<small>British Evening at Victoria Hall, Wellington had a Zobo band</small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Zobo choir ad 1904 1.jpg|<small>Zobo ad 1904</small>\nFile:Zobo ad cover.JPG|<small>Zobo ad cover 1904 (source Ebay 2015)</small>\nFile:Amateur entertainer 1904.jpg|<small>The Amateur entertainer. New York 1904</small>\nFile:Review of reviews 1905.jpg|<small>The Review of Reviews for Australasia Dec. 1905 ad.</small>\nFile:Wanganui Chronicle, 1906-01-20.jpg|<small>January 20 1906 Wanganui Chronicle (N.Z.)</small>\n</gallery>\n\nTurner\u2019s Public Spirit March 20th 1909 Ayer Mass.\n\n<small>''\"Frnntlc\" with Langhler. The Methodist ladies held a \"Funny social\" In their vestry Thursday evening Admission was a nickel and for an hour every one who laughed was fined a penny. Tbe program for the fun Included a pie walk, zobo solo, zobo band, artistic drawing and pop corn match. Then followed an entertainment which included: Piano solo, Mildred Andrew, Sadie Kidder and Miss Doloff; whistling solo. Hazel Perry; readings. Miss Pettingill of Harvard, .Mrs. Nellie Moore and Clare Perry. Home-made candy Was so r ld by Sadie Kidder and Florence Wat.son. Refreshments were served. The evening was in charge of Mrs. G. P. Corner, Mrs. P. R. Andrew and Mrs. J. W.Wentworth.</small>\n\nAugust 10, 1906 Cumberland Evening Times\n\n<small>''JR. O. U. A. M. REUNION. A Big Parade In Which Seven Bands Will Figure.\n\n''The Jr. O. U. A. M. (Junior Order of United American Mechanics) are making ar vaiigeinonta for, a m'fttumoth parade the occasion of their reunion in this city, August 18th. The parade will be under the direct charge of Chief Martha) f. Brooke Whiting and will form on  Park street and will move promptly at 0:10 a. m. over the following route: Park to He- jocca, to Baltimore, to North. Me\u00c2\u00abhtn c, to Valley, to Columbia, to Bedford, o 'Decamp, -to Gleiuv'to 'Front, to Baltimore, to North Cctittr* and take cars for'Narrows Parlt, where \u00c2\u00ab dinner will be ready. '\"' The following bands : bate town en SQ : McCauley's Concert Band, South Cumberland Band, of this city: Jr. O. U. A. M.Band of Frostburg; City band of Berkeley Springs, W. Va.; Jr. O. U. A. M. band of Barton; Midland- Band, Cumberland Drum Corps, and Jr. O. U. A. M. Zobo Band of Frostburg, which will lead the Oriental Court, the comic feature of the parade. </small>\n\n[[File:Frostburg Oriental Zobo Band.JPG|thumb|center|<small>Frostburg Oriental Zobo Band No. 1, picture Elmer E. Trasher, source Ebay sept. 2015.</small>]]\n\n==1910 and later==\n\nApril 7th 1911 Farmington Enterprise Michigan\n\n<small>''Zobo Band 'medley' with 25 instruments, imported from the old country, was one of the best numbers of the program.\n\n''Carrie Frankenfield Horne remembers, September, 1980 Passer Union Sunday School, Passer Pennsylvania\n\n''I was also sorry I never saw the Zobo Band.  Zobos were really Kazoos shaped like band instruments.  My Uncle Ollie Hammel was the leader and just about every man in the neighborhood had a Zobo and played in the band.  It was quite a novelty, and they were even successful enough at first to be hired to play at other picnics.  With the money they earned, they put on a big fireworks show for the community.  My brother told me he always enjoyed watching one of the men who was rather stout.  He always wore a shirt which buttoned in the back and was rather close-fitting.  Clyde said you could always count on several of this shirt buttons \"parting company\" as he enthusiastically played his Zobo.  Watching him was more fun than listening to the band.  I was always sorry that a few fellows in the band tooted too many sour notes and the band \"disbanded\" before I grew up enough to hear them and watch them!</small>\n\nVarious\n\nAugust 10th 1911 Auburn Citizen New York\n\nKnights of Columbus Zobo band marched at Carnival parade\nSat, March 5, 2011 11:16:59PM\n\nThe Bisbee Phoenix Arizona\nA zobo band on a wagon in a parade for the yearly shriners meeting in Arizona\n\nHints: Volumes 16-19 1913\n\n<small>''Zobo Patriotic Drill. For any number of boys and girls in red, white and blue costumes, who play patriotic airs on Zobo instruments while forming novel marching figures and picturesque groups. The effect is electrical and rouses the audience to enthusiastic\u2026.</small>\n\nZOBO CORNET\n\n<small>''Just the thing for solos, duets, quartets, clubs, bugle corps, bicycle clubs, etc. It is adapted for leading and highest voices. 11 inches long , 5 1-2 inch bell. Price $1. THE ENTERTAINMENT SHOP. 1 1 93 Broadway, ....</small>\n\nA WOMAN'S PRIVILEGE by Lucy E. Hobbs. \n\nMARCH BROTHERS, Publishers, 208, 210, 212 Wright Avenue, LEBANON, OHIO. \n\nCopyright, 1918, by MARCH BROTHERS. \n\nCOL. ZOOZOO'S ZOBO BAND. Patriotic burlesque novelty. Makes fun of the merriest sort. \"Col. Zoozoo\" and \"fake\" orchestra entertain.' A great hit 25c\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Zobo band 1.JPG|Zobo Band in a Model 79 Overland at Brueckner Drugs Dyersville, Iowa, postcard sent in 1913\nFile:Sherman & Clay 1914.jpg|The Sherman, Clay & Co, San Francisco catalog 1914 has a whole page about zobos and sonophones\nFile:Col zoozoo.jpg|The Great Bend Weekly Tribune, Kansas 28 May 1909, Fri,  Page 7 \nFile:Col zoozoo 1.jpg\nFile:Col zoozoo 3.jpg\nFile:Zobo musical cigar.JPG|Zobo Musical Cigar, by Yoosful Novelty Co, 106 Franklin Street New York, 'a brass band in your vest pocket'.\n</gallery>\n\nThe September 30th 1915 edition of Our Town from Narberth PA.\n\n<small>''This Friday evening the Y.M.C.A. Glee Club will start rehearsals for the show to be given about the middle of November.The club has added to its list some exceptionally fine talent, including Fletcher W. Stites, who will appear as interlocutor in the first part op dthe black face minsterl W.Arthur Cole and Charles Mirick will have the principal end positions this year. Another of the new members is Mr. Whiterow, well know in Narberth for his fine basso singing. There wil be a special scenic effect in the form of an elaborate stairway, illuminated with different colored electric lights. This stairway will be occupied by the younger boys of Narberth who have never appeared before. They will compose a zobo band. First Congregational.</small>\n\nEast Third street, near Prendergast avenue in Jamestown, New York; organized in 1816 has a Zobo band\n\nThe Maui News June 30th 1916\n\n<small>''Everything' Ready For The Big Show\n\n''The Big Carnival will open with a bang next Monday afternoon at 4:00 P.M. at the baseball grounds in Wailuku and will keep up until midnight, and possibly a little later. A street parade of horribles, such as has never been seen on Maui will precede the big event. The Zoo will be opened at about 2 o'clock to allow the animals to roam about Kahului and Wailuku, but the management of the Carnival has given the police assurance that the lion, bears and wild animals will be kept caged  up. Maui has never seen so many weird animals together at. any time.....  \n\n''The Hawaiian and Portuguese booths will be typical of the nations they represent, while the flower, candy and fancy booth will be tastily decorated to suit. A zobo band has also been engaged to furnish some of the music, in case the regular music is unable to stand the strain. Augustine Pombo is ring-master of the Circus, and will lead his band of wild animals through the streets......</small>\n\n1920 Searcy Arkansas High School\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Wilsonian Literary Society.jpg\nFile:Wilsonian Literary Society 1.jpg\nFile:Wilsonian Literary Society 2.jpg\n</gallery>\n\nTony Sbarbaro\n\n<small>Tony Sbarbaro, drummer of the Original Dixie Jazz Band played a trumpetshaped kazoo, that according to the New York Times obituary was called a Zobo and was created for him in Chicago. \"He played it wherever he went.\" Sbarbaro is playing the zobo in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aVmHNx8GuU/ this track], Crazy Blues by the ODJB, recorded in New York, Jan 28, 1921. From 6\" onwards.</small>\n\n[[File:Tony Sbarbaro and Zobo.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Tony Sbarbaro playing a Zoboo</small>]]\n\nIn Between Noise\n[http://inbetweennoise.blogspot.com/2007_09_01_archive.html/ Tuesday, September 04, 2007]\n\n<small>''More weird wood with sound... </small>\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:1326495453 f28d1287d5 o.jpg\nFile:Phunnygraph.jpg\n</gallery>\n\n\n<small>''well, it seems fitting to return from working with wood and sound on an architectural scale, to discover the mammoth zobo phunnygraph in an old zobo musical instrument broadside circa 1900 that was waiting for me in my po box. the zobo musical instrument family was made by the j. and p. myers company in nyc, and consisted of a series of kazoo type instruments shaped like real brass instruments - including a 27 inch long \"slide trombone\".\n\n''along with a listing of different zobo instruments, the broadside has suggestions for military band, bicycle band, female college quartet, and the amazing funny organ (which includes a 10 foot by 9 foot cardboard printed paper image of a pipe organ that a \"zobo band\" can stand behind).\n\n''of course, the phunnygraph is the most amazing of the bunch - a crude richard tuttle-esque replica of an early phonograph made with a soap crate, a wooden packing box, and a pasteboard megaphone. the band should be stationed hidden inside the thing, while one person stands outside turning the crank (it's too bad they don't have suggestions on how to make a mammoth surrogate 78!). the whole thing looks a lot like one of russolo's [http://www.obsolete.com/120_years/machines/futurist/ \"intonorumori\"] (and 5 kids and a gaggle of kazoos could probably give russolo the kind of noise-scape he was after).\n\n''i'm thinking/hoping there is somehow a connection to this room size sound projecting space and the things i've just finished in the post below... or perhaps it will end up as partial fodder for the next project...</small>\n\nHistory of the Kazoo\n[http://www.gabbf.com/fguide/1999/conf0606.html/ Source]\n\n<small>''With the area of old instruments, Foreman will speak about ``Zobo: The Musical Wonder.'' Foreman notes that there were zobos were kazoo-like instruments and there were entire zobo bands.  ``It really was an attempt to capitalize on the fact that everybody wanted to be in the band,'' Foreman said. Kazoos are small, open tubes with a top hole covered by a membrane that gives a buzzing quality to tones hummed through the tube. Kazoos were invented in 1883 and zobos, which were made in the shapes of instruments found in bands, came along in 1896.\n\nHISTORY OF THE KAZOO\n\n''The most common story is that somewhere in Africa, some people discovered that dried spider-egg sacs could be used so that humming just right into a tube changed the sound. You could sound like someone else (or like no one). You could sound like an animal. In other places in the world, other people were doing sort of the same thing. We call this kind of instrument (one that buzzes) a mirliton. These were around in Europe from at least the 1600s. Maybe sooner.\n\n''Captain Kazoo told that someone named Alabama Vest took the idea to a German clock maker named Thaddeus Von Glegg and they made a kazoo. That was somewhere around 1840. A traveling salesman named Emil Sorg saw this, thought it would be something easy to sell. In New York, he joined with Michael McIntyre, a metal worker. This led to the first metal kazoo in 1912. Mass production began in 1914, and in 1916, [http://www.edenkazoo.com/museum.php/ The Original American Kazoo Company] was formed. This company is still there, along with a really neat museum. At first, it was treated as a real musical instrument. It became part of serious music, then later part of folk music. It fit in very well with bands that also used homemade instruments.\n\nIn 'H.P.Lovecraft and his legacy', hosted by Chris Perridas, Lovecraft writes in his diary:\n\n''\"When, at the age of 11, I was a member of the Blackstone Military band ... {I was a} virtuoso on what was called a \"zobo\" - a brass horn with a membrane on one end, which would transform humming to a delightfully brass impressiveness!\" [12/13/1930 to August Derleth in Lord of a Visible World, Joshi, 2000]\n\n''Even in the day no one had a clue what Lovecraft was talking about. Obviously it sounds much like a \"kazoo\", but Chrispy has found a few more clues with diligent research.</small>\n\n\"Harmonophone\"\n<small>\"Images from The Alan G. Bates Harmonica Collection: \"Harmonophone\" Harmonica with Funnel-Shaped, Zobo Resonator, NMM 8396. \"Harmonophone\" harmonica with funnel-shaped resonator, Clover brand, Klingenthal, ca. 1900. Attached to the narrow end of the funnel-shaped resonating chamber is a cup-shaped \"Zobo\" mouthpiece containing a thin, vibrating membrane that is capable of producing a sound like a kazoo. Alan G. Bates Collection, 2000. \"</small>\n\n[[File:Harmonophone.jpg]]\n\nAmerican Musical Instruments in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1985\n\n<small>''Zobo was a turn-of-the-20th-century brand name for a toy generally known onomatopoeically as the kazoo.  A kazoo is a voice modifier that consists of a flexible, inelastic membrane, like waxed paper, attached to a tube.  Vocalizing into the tube excites the membrane to buzz loudly, disguising and intensifying the voiced tone..  The use of such a membrane modifies the tone of instruments as varied as Chinese flutes and African xylophones.  Kazoos have occasionally been included in modern scores such as Leonard Bernstein\u2019s Mass (1971) and Maurice Wright\u2019s Like an Autumn Sky (1980).  Less formally, the University of Chicago recently fielded a kazoo marching band.  Earlier in the 20th century, kazoos imitated cornets and trumpets in jug bands.  Otto Langey\u2019s Zobo tutor, advertised in the 1902 Sears catalogue, contained scales and exercises to make good the \u201cwish book\u2019s\u201d glowing encomium:  \u201cAnybody can play, anybody can buy; brilliant martial and orchestral music at a small cost; best and cheapest sacred music.  The Zobo Musical Instruments are the latest addition to the Zobo [line], and are rapidly becoming the most popular amusement in the novelty and musical way, as the tone is produced by singing into them.  Anyone can play them without difficulty, and produce good music or any imitations if so desired; with Zobo Brass Band Instruments a brass band can be organized with men or boys who have no knowledge of musical instruments whatever, but with a few rehearsals are capable of rendering brilliant music, and producing instrumental effects possible hitherto to none but the best brass band and orchestra.\u201d  All of the various Zobos, illustrated in 16 forms in the C. Bruno & Son\u2019s 1903-1904 wholesale catalogs, were related to Chicagoan Warren H. Frost\u2019s patent of January 7, 1896 (552,612).</small>\n\n[[File:Zobo Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|center|<small>Zobo coll. Metropolitan Museum of Art New York</small>]]\n\nCollections Christoph Pelgen & David Mathewson\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:ZOBO ALLE.jpg|<small>The complete Zobo collection of Christoph Pelgen</small>\nFile:Die Croonies 1.jpg|<small>Die Croonies, a German band playing 20's hits, with the Zobo collection of Christoph Pelgen (front, right)</small>\nFile:Zobo collectie David Mathewson.jpg|<small>The Zobo collection of David Mathewson (with one Bob Burns Bazooka to the left)</small>\n</gallery>\n\nZobo Brochure\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Zobo brochure.JPG\nFile:Zobo brochure 1.JPG\nFile:Zobo brochure 2.JPG\nFile:Zobo brochure 3.JPG\nFile:Zobo brochure 4.JPG\nFile:Zobo brochure 5.JPG\n</gallery>\nZobo brochure, source Ebay 2015\n\nZobo print\n\n[[File:Zobo printplaat.JPG|<small>Gravure with ZOBO CORNETTO in mirror writing</small>]] \n\nOnlineAthens.com Saturday, May 30, 2015\n\nArea law enforcement authorities put an end to brass ring\n\n[[File:Zobo s gestolen en teruggevonden.jpg]]\n\n<small>Detective William Horton, Administrative Assistant Lee Black, Police Chief Lee O'Dillon with the recovered Zobo collection.\n\nBy Staff Reports news@onlineathens.com \u2013 updated Saturday, May 30, 2015 - 5:02am\n\n''It was a BOLO for stolen Zobos whose ending was a resounding success. The owner of 24 stolen antique Zobo Cornets, a rare brass musical instrument resembling other horn instruments, was reunited with his missing property this week with the help of the Watkinsville Police Department and the Oglethorpe County Sheriff\u2019s Department. Shortly after the hoard of Zobos was reported stolen, the owner discovered someone was accepting eBay bids on antique musical instruments. He notified the Watkinsville police and they were able to identify and locate the eBay account holder. Watkinsville police and Oglethorpe County investigators traveled to a Lexington house and the Zobos were recovered, all still in good condition. The Zobos were produced in 1896 and carry a collector value in the thousands of dollars. The person in possession of the Zobos was able to provide police with information on when and where he obtained them. The Lexington resident is fully co-operating with authorities. The Zobos were reported stolen from a Greensboro Highway storage unit on April 14. The owner placed them in storage while work was being done at his residence. The investigation into who broke into the storage unit is on-going and criminal charges are pending.</small>\n\nJewsaphones, par Harm J. Linsen\n\n[[File:Zobo.h13.jpg]]\n\n<small>''Au d\u00e9but de la 20\u00e8me si\u00e8cle il y avait d\u2019autres exemples d\u2019amplification des intruments de musique \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une cornette. L\u2019idee du jewsaphone n\u2019est pas unique ! Par example Johann Matthias Augustus Stroh inventait le violon Stroh (brevet\u00e9 en 1899 #GB189909418), un violon avec une cornette et qui \u00e9tait produit entre 1904 et 1942 par George Evans and Co. \u00e0 Londres. Il y a aussi des guitares Stroh et des Ukeleles Stroh du m\u00eame genre. En 1910 un certain Arthur Thomas Howson inventa une Phono-fiddle (No. de brevet #14461), un instrument tr\u00e8s proche du violon Stroh mais avec une seule corde et une differente fa\u00e7on de transf\u00e9rer le son \u00e0 la cornette . Recherchez sur Google en introduisant les termes, Stroh-viols ou Phono-fiddle si vous souhaitez approfondir vos connaissances sur ces instruments. Apparemment ces instruments sont toujours fabriqu\u00e9s en Europe de l\u2019Est !\n''Un autre violon avec cornette est le violinofon de Prague, Czechie, aussi de la fin de 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle.\nA l\u2019\u00e9p\u00f4que il y avait aussi des mirlitons m\u00e9talliques avec un pavillon avec des noms comme Bigo(t)phone (nomm\u00e9 d\u2019apr\u00e8s le nom de son inventeur, Bigot Paris 1883), Zobo, jazzaphone, kazoophone ou \u2018trumpet kazoo\u2019. Des \u2018zobobands\u2019 ou \u2018orchestres Zobo\u2019 etaient populaires au tournant du 19\u00e8me au 20\u00e8me si\u00e8cle en Am\u00e9rique, ainsi que les \u2018orchestres bigophone\u2019 en Europe (et au Canada).\n''Et il y a beaucoup d\u2019exemples d\u2019harmonica avec des pavillons.\n''Le plus extraordinaire que j\u2019ai trouve lors de ce tour rapide sur Internet , est l\u2019harmonica avec pavillon et une membrane de mirliton, l\u2019harmonophone. It's interesting to compare the history of the Zobo with that of the Bigophone in France:  fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigophone  (in French)</small>\n\nhttp://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86069180/1900-03-10/ed-1/seq-3/ \nhttp://kdl.kyvl.org/static/news/kecnews/kecnews_KUK-kec1900031001.html\nhttp://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirlit%C3%B3\nnikkojazz.fr/guimbarde/Quelques_guimbardes.html\n\nStrauss Mfg Company - 138-42 West 14th street, New York - toys and musical instruments\n\n<small>The following information about the history of the Strauss company is from [http://www.maggieblanck.com/Hoboken/HobokenMfg.html/ Maggie Blanck]\n\n1898: The Strauss Manufacturing Co. whose principal office was at Fifteenth and Madison streets*, Hoboken, N. J., was incorporated on Wednesday last October 12.\n\n1900: Strauss Mfg. Co, 369 B'way, New York advertised first class Zobo instruments for forming a Zobo band. \"A Real Novelty for Entertainments & Outings\" \"Only solid brass instrument everybody can play. No Instruction, no musical knowledge required.\" \"If you can hum a tune, you can play a Zobo. ... \"Sing into the mouth piece the Zobo does the rest\". There were a number of advertisements in the Christian Advocate in 1901.\n\nStrauss also made an instrument called a Doraphone, looked like an harmonica with a speaker attached.\n\n1901: Hoboken, Strauss Mfg. Company, manufacturers of musical instruments; employs 15\n\n1901: Strauss Mfg. co. 349 and 351 Palisade ave, Jersey City.\n\n1902: ZOBO BANDS. The Strauss Manufacturing Company, makers of the Zobo musical instruments, have placed a contract for extensive advertising in the magazines and illustrated weeklies through the Kaufman Advertising Agency.\n\nAlso in 1902 listed for patent application Strauss Manufacturing Company, Jersey City sounding toys.\n\n1904: Polks New York Directory Strauss Mfg. Co. (N. J.) (Ferdinand Strauss, Pres.; further inf. refused) 138 W. 14th\n\n1914: Strauss Manufacturing Co. - 512 Washington St., Hoboken\n\n*15th and Madison was the address of New York Switch and Crossing company>\n\nStrauss also manufactured other metal toys like the climbing Monkey, dancing windup toys, ring toss games..\n\nFerdinand Strauss, toy merchant, was born November 27, 1865 in Gilheim-Bavaria Germany son of Moritz. He immigrated to the US from bremen on May 14, 1884. He was naturalized in New York in 1890. Address in 1925 146 Central Park West.\n\n1910: Ferdinand Strauss 45, inspector novelties, Juliett Strauss 39,, Madeline Strauss 9\n\n1920: Ferdinand Strauss 52, president toy company, Juliet M Strauss 50, Madeline I Strauss 21\n\nThere are a ton of Ferdinand Strauss mechanical tin toys on the Internet. Also a ton on sale on ebay.</small>\n\n[[File:Strauss doraphone.jpg]]\n\nStrauss Doraphone\n\n=The Songophone and the Sonophone=\n\nThe [http://kazoologist.org/1900__663654_CRAKOW--Songophone.pdf/ patent] for the Songophone was registered by Louis N. Crakow on December 11th 1900. Crakow was secretary-treasurer in the Zobo Mfg Co in 1897.\n\nLouis National Crakow (born 1872) was the son of Hiram L. Crakow (1843-1897), a dealer in \"fancy goods,\" gentlemen's furnishings and hats from around 1867 until his death in 1897. The family appears in the US Census of 1880 living at 160 Bowery (the gent's furnishings business was at this address from around 1871 until the mid-1890s). Louis is recorded as 7 years old at the time. Living with him was his older brother, David Sylvan Crakow, age 10.\n\nBoth boys appear again in the 1900 US Census living with their widowed mother, Emma R. Crakow, on East 116th St., Manhattan. David Crakow's occupation is listed as Real Estate, while Louis N.'s is \"Musical Novelties.\"\n\nDavid Crakow was in the real estate business in New York from around 1894 to the early 1940s, while L. National Crakow & Co., Advertising seems to have been Louis N. Crakow's first business (appears in listings from 1901 through 1904). Louis seems to have continued in the advertising novelties business until around 1915 when he and his wife, Hattie L. Crakow, began a children's and ladies' wear manufacturing firm at 1265 Broadway. It was this business that relocated to 119 W. 25th St. in 1920, where they stayed until 1924. In the early-1930s a new manifestation of Mr. & Mrs. L. N. Crakow, called The Truth Shop (Ladies' Furnishings) opened on Lexington Ave. near 78th St.\n\nIn [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433023216355/ Principles and practice of advertising] (New York 1913, p41-42) Gerald Bertram Wadsworth describes the relation between Zobo and the Songophone as an example of destructive competition. \"Some years ago a commodity knows as the Zobo was put on the market. It consisted of a hollow tube of wood, over one end of which was stretched a diaphragm consisting of a piece of goldbeater's skin. By humming into a hole, on one side of the tube, an effect was produced very similar to that which can be obtained with a piece of paper and a comb, except that is was louder. In it\u2019s original state it constituted a mediocre commodity. However the principle was employed to much better advantage. By carefully selecting the skin used for the diaphragm and stretching it horizontally over the small end of a bell-shaped horn, and fitting over this a mouthpiece, a person humming into this mouthpiece would have his voice amplified to a considerable extent and could produce music quite similar to that of a cornet.\n\nThis instrument was retailed at $1.00 and a steadily increasing business was developed. However competition killed it. Another manufacturer entered the field. He employed a brass-plated tin horn He used no care in the selection of the diaphragm skins, and, to avoid an infringement suit, the diaphragm was stretched obliquely instead of horizontally. This combination was called the Sonophone and produced ear-splitting, heart- rending sounds. But it retailed for 50 cents. Besides it gave the dealer a larger percentage of profits. \"More sales and bigger profits\" the manufacturer told the dealer and he fell for it. The reputation resulting from the advertising and intrinsic merit of the Zobo created a demand for that class of commodity. To all appearances the Sonophone and the Zobo were identical. Neither one could be played effectively without practice so that the average consumer was unable to judge of the sound quality of either, any more than can an inexperienced person judge the sound or tonal quality of a violin. In consequence, it seemed poor policy for the consumer to pay a dollar when he could apparently obtain the same thing for 50 cents. Therefore, the Sonophone displaced the Zobo. Proficient playing upon it was impossible and it was soon thrown into the rubbish heap. In the meantime the demand for that class of commodities was killed.\n\n[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433023216355/ Source]\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\" caption=\"The Songophone and the Sonophone\">\nFile:Songophone.JPG\nFile:Songophone indonesia.JPG\nFile:Songophone bugel.JPG\nFile:Songophone saxofoon.jpg\nFile:Songophone trombone.JPG\nFile:Zobo.h3.jpg\nFile:Zobo.h4.jpg\nFile:Songophone tuba.jpg\nFile:Zobo.h5.jpg\nFile:Zobo.h115.jpg\n</gallery>\n\nCatalogues and ads\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Wurlitzer 1909 Sonophone.jpg|Rudolph Wurlitzer & Co catalogue 1909\nFile:Sears Roebuck & Co catalog 124 1912.jpg|Catalog 124 Sears, Roebuck & Co, 1912\nFile:Boys Life May 1914.jpg|Boys Life May 1914 \nFile:Boy's Life Juli 1914.jpg|Boys Life July 1914\nFile:Boy's Life Oct 1914.jpg|Boys Life Oct 1914\nFile:Songophone ad 1915.JPG|Sonophone ad 1915\nFile:Son-o-phone.jpg|Son-o-phone ad\nFile:Sonophone letterhead.jpg|Sonophone letterhead 1914\n</gallery>\n\nNew York Band Instrument Co. Toneking Musical Instruments. Catalog No. 16. NY, NY: [ca. 1915], 112 p. is reported to list the song-o-phone.\n\nThe [https://marge.home.xs4all.nl/Zobos%20and%20Sonophones.pdf/ 1915 Sherman, Clay &Co catalogue] shows the Zobo and Sonophone side by side and makes clear that there's a big difference in their prices, the Zobos being two to four times as expensive as the Sonophones. \n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Popular Science Nov 1917.jpg|Popular Science Nov 1917\nFile:Songophone ad 1917.jpg|ad 1917\nFile:The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser 3 January 1919.jpg|The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 3 January 1919 \nFile:The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 12 February 1919.jpg|The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 12 February 1919,\nFile:Boys Life nov 1919.jpg|Boys Life nov 1919\nFile:Boys Life feb 1920.jpg|Boys Life feb 1920\nFile:Boys Life okt 1920.jpg|Boys Life okt 1920\nFile:Boy's Life dec 1926.jpg|Boys Life dec 1926\n</gallery>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1922-74-15 44 April 15th 1922\n<small>''SONOPHONE CO. TO MOVE\n\n''Musical Toy Manufacturing Concern to Secure Larger Quarters\n\n''On and after April 15 the Sonophone Co., which has been manufacturing imitation band instruments and musical toys at 35 South Ninth street, Brooklyn, N. Y., will be located in a new building at 548 Wythe avenue, Brooklyn. The change was made necessary because of the need of larger quarters and improved manufacturing facilities due to the greatly increased demand for the product.</small>\n\nMusic Trade Review 1922 75-24 Dec 9th 1922\n\n[[File:MTR 1922 75 24 Songophone.jpg]]\n\nMusic Trade Review 1922 75 - 2\n\n<small>''SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., December 18.\u2014The Hanson Music House has just sold two Buescherphones, the instruments going to the California Theatre for Ben Black's Band and to the Sciots' Band, of San Mateo, respectively. Ralph Eliaser, sales manager for the Hanson Music House, says that a number of toy band instruments imported from France are selling rapidly. Song-O-Phones, made by the Songophone Co., Brooklyn, N. Y., are also in demand.</small>\n\nMusic trades: Volume 65 1923\n\n<small>''SONOPHONE CO. GETS NEW ACCOUNTS Mrs. BM Carlisle, Manager, Makes Suggestions to Dealers on Window Displays \"By displaying new instruments properly in show windows, musical merchandise dealers can easily build up larger sales,\" said Mrs.Carlisle, manager of the Sonophone Co, Brooklyn N.Y, makers of the popular line of imitation band instruments. Mrs. Carlisle recommends that small goods dealers now selling Song-O-Phones display some of their stock in windows to increase the sales of all lines of goods children's. Not only do imitation band musical instruments stimulate the organization of bands and orchestras, but they encourage older persons to buy these instruments for entertaining at homes, clubs, social gatherings.</small>\n\nMusic Trades Volume 65 1923\n\n<small>''More money can be made by selling musical merchandise and their accessories; but this business must be attended to carefully. How many small goods dealers know that Song-O-phone imitation band musical instruments sound excellent when</small>\n\nCatalogues and ads\n\n<gallery widths=\"150\" heights=\"150\">\nFile:Zobo.h14.gif|Rudolph Wurlitzer & Co catalogue 1924\nFile:Boys Life Nov 1926.jpg|Boys Life Nov 1926\nFile:MTR 1926 83 24 Songophone.jpg|MTR 1926 83 24 Dec 11th 1926\nFile:Popular Mechanics 1927 maart en april.jpg|Popular Mechanics maart 1927\nFile:Zobo.h39.gif|Songophone keyed trumpet from 1929 catalog Quality Band and Orchestra Instruments of J.W.Jenkins' Sons Music Co.\nFile:New York Clipper ad 1901 1902.jpg\nFile:Zobo cat.jpg\nFile:Zobo patriottic drill.jpg\n\n</gallery>\n\nPresto Times June 23rd 1928\n\n<small>''Sonophones in Ziegfeld Follies.\n\n''The Sonophone Company, 548 Wythe street, Brooklyn, N. Y., on Wednesday, through Mrs. Carlisle, president, reports the demand for the Sonophone, an instrument that has been manufactured with success for many years past, keeps up at a lively rate and the plant is busy. She showed a picture of a great chorus at the Ziegfeld Theater, New York, with 100 sonophones in use on the stage at once. Many of the biggest houses in the musical instrument line in America handle sonophones as an accessory. The instrument does not require notes; the performer sings through it.</small>\n\nRecreation, National Recreation Office, 1932\n\n<small>''Start a band, \"Play at once\"\n\n''Every playground should have a SONG-O-PHONE band. They help develop healthy lungs and an ear for musical harmony in growing children.\n\n''NO NOTES TO READ No musical training required. Without practice or study children can produce fine orchestral effects on these wonder instruments.\n\n''Hundreds of succesful SONG-O-PHONE bands attest to the popularity of these quickly played Saxophones. Cornets, Trombones, Clarinets etc. Inexpensive 70c to $3.25 each. Send for instructions \"how to organize a SONG-O-PHONE band\"</small>\n\n[[File:Songophone collection.jpg]]"
                    }
                ]
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}